# LexMentor Full AI Reference

LexMentor is an independent legal learning and research initiative by Advocate Aditya Sharma. It provides free resources for law students, UPSC Law Optional aspirants, CLAT UG and PG aspirants, Judiciary aspirants, researchers, and readers interested in Indian law and public policy.

Canonical site:
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Machine-readable knowledge index:
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Important qualification:
LexMentor publishes educational, research, commentary, and exam preparation material. It should not be treated as legal advice for any specific dispute, court filing, limitation period, compliance decision, or professional legal matter.

# Public Route Index

## LexMentor | Law Notes, Judiciary & CLAT MCQs, Law Optional PYQ

URL: https://lexmentor.co/

LexMentor by Advocate Aditya Sharma offers law notes, Judiciary, CLAT UG and CLAT PG MCQs, UPSC Law Optional PYQs, lectures, research, and legal analysis.

Primary topics: LexMentor, Advocate Aditya Sharma, legal education India, law students India, UPSC Law Optional, CLAT UG, CLAT PG, judiciary exam preparation, LLB notes, law lectures, legal research, legal analysis, free law learning platform, law exam preparation India, model PYQ answers, legal learning desk, judiciary mcq platform India, CLAT PG preparation free, law notes for students India

## About LexMentor | Advocate Aditya Sharma

URL: https://lexmentor.co/about

Learn about LexMentor, Advocate Aditya Sharma, and our work in law notes, MCQ practice, legal research, and public-interest analysis.

Primary topics: LexMentor, Advocate Aditya Sharma, legal education India, law students India, UPSC Law Optional, CLAT UG, CLAT PG, judiciary exam preparation, LLB notes, law lectures, legal research, legal analysis, about LexMentor, Advocate Aditya Sharma LexMentor, legal education initiative, legal research India

## LexMentor Learn | CLAT UG, CLAT PG and Judiciary MCQs

URL: https://lexmentor.co/learn

Explore 5,000+ live CLAT UG, CLAT PG, Judiciary, and law subject MCQs with explanations, progress tracking, revision queues, bookmarks, and exam-focused learning tools.

Primary topics: Judiciary MCQ practice, CLAT UG MCQ practice, CLAT PG MCQ practice, law MCQ practice, constitutional law MCQs, criminal law MCQs, contract law MCQs, torts MCQs, international law MCQs, evidence law MCQs, BNSS BNS BSA MCQs

## Law and CLAT Question Banks with Answers | LexMentor

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions

Browse free Judiciary, CLAT UG, and CLAT PG question banks with answers, explanations, subject coverage, passage sets, and adaptive practice links.

Primary topics: law MCQs with answers, Judiciary questions with answers, CLAT UG questions with answers, CLAT PG questions with answers, legal question bank India

## UPSC Law Optional PYQ Repository | Paper I and Paper II | LexMentor

URL: https://lexmentor.co/pyq

Browse UPSC Law Optional previous year questions for Paper I and Paper II, arranged year-wise, subject-wise and theme-wise for answer writing.

Primary topics: UPSC Law Optional PYQ, UPSC Law Optional previous year questions, UPSC law optional Paper I, UPSC law optional Paper II, law optional question bank, law optional answer writing, subject-wise law optional questions

## Law Notes and Research Materials | LexMentor

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes

Open subject-wise law notes and structured research materials for LLB study, UPSC Law Optional preparation, committee work, and legal research.

Primary topics: law notes, LLB notes, UPSC Law Optional notes, legal research materials, law study material

## LLB Law Notes | Subject-Wise Legal Study Material | LexMentor

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/llb

Free subject-wise LLB law notes for constitutional law, criminal law, contract law, torts, property law, international law, and exam revision.

Primary topics: LLB law notes, subject-wise law notes, constitutional law notes, criminal law notes, contract law notes, torts notes, property law notes, international law notes, free law notes India

## Research Materials | Legal Sources for Committee Work | LexMentor

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/research-materials

Structured legal and policy source banks for UN committees, Indian policy debate, MUN preparation, position papers, and legal research.

Primary topics: legal research materials, committee research sources, MUN research, UN committee sources, Indian policy debate sources, position paper research, legal source bank

## Free Law Lectures | UPSC Law Optional, CLAT PG and Judiciary | LexMentor

URL: https://lexmentor.co/lectures

Watch free law lectures by Advocate Aditya Sharma, organised by subject for UPSC Law Optional, CLAT PG, Judiciary, LLB study, and legal revision.

Primary topics: free law lectures, UPSC Law Optional lectures, CLAT PG law lectures, judiciary law lectures, constitutional law lectures, jurisprudence lectures, contract law lectures, criminal law lectures

## LexMentor Journal | Legal Analysis, Case Comments and Policy Commentary

URL: https://lexmentor.co/journal

Read LexMentor Journal for original legal analysis, constitutional commentary, criminal justice writing, technology regulation, and legal education essays.

Primary topics: LexMentor Journal, legal analysis India, case comments, constitutional law commentary, criminal justice reform, technology law India, legal education essays, policy commentary India, law journal India, legal articles India

## Policy Advisory and Legal Research | LexMentor

URL: https://lexmentor.co/advisory

Independent legal research and policy advisory for think tanks, NGOs, institutions, and public-interest teams working on law, governance, and regulation.

Primary topics: legal policy advisory India, legal research India, policy briefs, consultation submissions, legislative analysis, regulatory review, public interest law research

## Call for Articles | LexMentor Law Journal

URL: https://lexmentor.co/submissions

Submit articles, case comments, explainers, and policy analysis to LexMentor Law Journal. Open to law students, advocates, researchers, and writers.

Primary topics: LexMentor Law Journal call for articles, law journal submissions India, legal article submission, case comment submission, legal writing call for papers

## Privacy Policy | LexMentor

URL: https://lexmentor.co/privacy-policy

Read how LexMentor collects, uses, stores, and protects personal information for Learn accounts, contact forms, journal submissions, analytics, and security.

Primary topics: LexMentor privacy policy, LexMentor data protection, LexMentor Learn privacy

## Editorial Policy and Legal Sources | LexMentor

URL: https://lexmentor.co/editorial-policy

Read how LexMentor researches, writes, reviews, sources, corrects, and updates law notes, legal explainers, question banks, and journal articles.

Primary topics: LexMentor editorial policy, legal content methodology, law notes sources, legal article corrections policy, AI assisted legal content policy

## Terms of Service | LexMentor

URL: https://lexmentor.co/terms-of-service

Read LexMentor Terms of Service for educational use, Learn accounts, journal submissions, acceptable use, intellectual property, and disclaimers.

Primary topics: LexMentor terms, LexMentor terms of service, LexMentor Learn terms

## Delete Account | LexMentor

URL: https://lexmentor.co/delete-account

Request deletion of your LexMentor account, Learn progress, bookmarks, revision queue, and associated account data.

Primary topics: LexMentor account deletion, delete LexMentor account, LexMentor data deletion

# Contract Law Study Guide

Subject hub: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law

Formation, enforceability, performance, discharge, breach and remedies under Indian and common law contract principles.

Each guide includes a direct answer, doctrinal explanation, practical illustration, useful case law, exam structure, revision points and cited sources.

## Acceptance under the Indian Contract Act, 1872

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/acceptance

Understand valid acceptance, communication, postal and instantaneous rules, silence, conduct, revocation and electronic contracts with leading cases.

Primary topics and provisions: acceptance under Indian Contract Act, essentials of valid acceptance, communication of acceptance, postal rule of acceptance India, revocation of acceptance, Acceptance, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Section 2(b), Sections 3 to 9

Reviewed: 2026-08-03

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/2902.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/35946.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/9569.pdf, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/255979/, https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/1892/1.html, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en

## Anticipatory and Present Breach of Contract

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/anticipatory-and-present-breach

Understand repudiation before the due date, present breach, refusal and disabling conduct, election, termination and damages under Section 39.

Primary topics and provisions: anticipatory breach of contract, Section 39 Indian Contract Act, anticipatory and actual breach difference, repudiation of contract, promisee election after breach, Anticipatory and Present Breach, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Section 39, Sections 55 and 73

Reviewed: 2026-08-03

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/398258/, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/508918/, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1333088/, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en

## Breach of Contract and Available Remedies

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/breach-of-contract-and-remedies

Choose between termination, damages, specific relief, restitution and quantum meruit after classifying the timing and seriousness of breach.

Primary topics and provisions: remedies for breach of contract, breach of contract under Indian Contract Act, termination and damages difference, specific performance for breach, Section 75 Indian Contract Act, Breach of Contract and Remedies, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Sections 39 and 55, Sections 73 to 75

Reviewed: 2026-08-03

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1581?locale=en, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1813747/, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/804591/, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/42243.pdf, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en

## Capacity to Contract under Sections 11 and 12

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/capacity-to-contract

Apply contractual capacity rules to majority, soundness of mind, lucid intervals, temporary incapacity and legal disqualification.

Primary topics and provisions: capacity to contract under Indian Contract Act, Section 11 Indian Contract Act, Section 12 sound mind contract, competency to contract, who is competent to contract, Capacity to Enter into a Contract, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Section 11, Section 12

Reviewed: 2026-08-03

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/41489.pdf, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1704622/, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en

## Coercion under Section 15 of the Indian Contract Act

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/coercion

Apply Section 15 to prohibited threats, pressure against persons, unlawful detention of property, causation, voidability and restoration.

Primary topics and provisions: coercion under Indian Contract Act, Section 15 Indian Contract Act, coercion in contract law examples, effect of coercion on contract, coercion and undue influence difference, Coercion, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Section 15, Sections 19 and 64

Reviewed: 2026-08-03

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/185787/, https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/242643/?formInput=ranganayakamma+v.+alwar+setti, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en

## Consideration under the Indian Contract Act, 1872

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/consideration-definition-kinds-essentials

Understand consideration under Section 2(d), its essentials and kinds, adequacy, third-party consideration and the exceptions to Section 25.

Primary topics and provisions: consideration under Indian Contract Act, essentials of valid consideration, types of consideration in contract law, exceptions to no consideration no contract, Section 2(d) Indian Contract Act, Consideration: Definition, Kinds and Essentials, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Section 2(d), Section 25

Reviewed: 2026-08-03

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/1428496/?formInput=cites%3A+781409, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en

## Damages for Breach of Contract under Sections 73 to 75

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/damages-for-breach-of-contract

Calculate ordinary, special, nominal and stipulated damages through remoteness, mitigation, proof, reasonable compensation and leading cases.

Primary topics and provisions: damages for breach of contract, Section 73 Indian Contract Act, Section 74 liquidated damages, types of damages in contract law, penalty and liquidated damages difference, Damages for Breach of Contract, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Sections 73 to 75

Reviewed: 2026-08-03

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1813747/, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/584252/, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/158693/, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/42243.pdf, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/919241/, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en

## Discharge of Contract and Its Modes

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/discharge-of-contract

Learn how contractual duties end through performance, novation, remission, impossibility, breach and operation of law, with effects and leading cases.

Primary topics and provisions: discharge of contract, modes of discharge of contract, novation under Section 62, remission under Section 63, discharge by breach of contract, Discharge of Contract, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Sections 37 to 39, Sections 56 and 62 to 67

Reviewed: 2026-08-03

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1742229/, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1391279/, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1474179/, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en

## Fraud and Misrepresentation under the Indian Contract Act

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/fraud-and-misrepresentation

Understand Sections 17 to 19 through the statutory forms of fraud and misrepresentation, silence, inducement, remedies, proof and leading cases.

Primary topics and provisions: difference between fraud and misrepresentation, Section 17 Indian Contract Act, Section 18 Indian Contract Act, silence as fraud in contract law, remedies for misrepresentation, Fraud and Misrepresentation, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Sections 17 and 18, Sections 19 and 64

Reviewed: 2026-08-03

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/2180.pdf, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1135652/, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1735483/, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en

## Free Consent under the Indian Contract Act, 1872

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/free-consent

Understand consent and free consent, causation, coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation, mistake, legal effects and remedies.

Primary topics and provisions: free consent under Indian Contract Act, Section 13 and 14 Indian Contract Act, factors affecting free consent, consent and free consent difference, effect of absence of free consent, Free Consent, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Sections 13 and 14, Sections 19 to 22

Reviewed: 2026-08-03

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/2180.pdf, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en

## Impossibility of Performance and Frustration

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/impossibility-and-frustration

Apply Sections 32 and 56 to initial impossibility, frustration, force majeure, commercial hardship, risk allocation and restitution.

Primary topics and provisions: doctrine of frustration under Indian Contract Act, Section 56 Indian Contract Act, force majeure and frustration difference, impossibility of performance, commercial hardship contract law, Impossibility of Performance and Frustration, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Sections 32 and 56, Section 65

Reviewed: 2026-08-03

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/1001.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/44760.pdf, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1989300/, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1144263/, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en

## Invitation to Offer (Invitation to Treat) in Contract Law

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/invitation-to-treat

Learn how an invitation to offer differs from an offer in shops, advertisements, online listings, auctions and tenders with leading cases.

Primary topics and provisions: invitation to offer, invitation to treat meaning, difference between offer and invitation to offer, invitation to offer examples, invitation to treat cases, Invitation to Treat, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Section 2(a), Sections 3 and 4

Reviewed: 2026-08-03

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/18686.pdf, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/255979/, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1159642/, https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/1953/6.html, https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKPC/1893/1.html, https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/1892/1.html, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en

## Meaning, Nature and Scope of Contract

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/meaning-nature-and-scope-of-contract

Learn what makes an agreement a contract, how Sections 2 and 10 work together, which promises the law enforces and where Indian contract law applies.

Primary topics and provisions: meaning nature and scope of contract, meaning of contract under Indian Contract Act, essentials of valid contract Section 10, agreement and contract difference, nature of contractual obligation, Meaning, Nature and Scope of Contract, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Sections 2(a) to 2(j), Section 10

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/1892/1.html

## Minor's Position in Contract Law

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/minors-position-in-contract-law

Understand why a minor agreement is void, and how Indian law treats ratification, false age, estoppel, tort claims, benefits and guardian transactions.

Primary topics and provisions: minor agreement under Indian Contract Act, minor position in contract law, effect of minor agreement, Mohori Bibee v Dharmodas Ghose, minor agreement void ab initio, Minor's Position in Contract Law, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Section 11, Section 68

Reviewed: 2026-08-03

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/41489.pdf, https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/970002/?big=0&formInput=mohori+bibee+v+dharmodas+ghose, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en

## Mistake in Contract Law under Sections 20 to 22

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/mistake-in-contract-law

Apply bilateral mistake, unilateral mistake and mistake of law through statutory tests, subject-matter categories, remedies and leading cases.

Primary topics and provisions: mistake under Indian Contract Act, bilateral mistake Section 20, unilateral mistake in contract law, mistake of law Section 21, mistake as to essential fact, Mistake in Contract Law, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Sections 20 to 22, Section 65

Reviewed: 2026-08-03

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/247033/, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/2180.pdf, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en

## Nature and Effect of Minor's Agreements

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/nature-and-effect-of-minors-agreements

Learn how necessaries, guardian contracts, beneficial arrangements, restitution, agency, partnership and tort operate when a party is a minor.

Primary topics and provisions: nature and effect of minor agreement, necessaries supplied to minor Section 68, restitution against minor India, guardian contract for benefit of minor, minor liability in contract law, Nature and Effect of Minor's Agreements, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Sections 11 and 68, Specific Relief Act, Section 33

Reviewed: 2026-08-03

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1581?locale=en, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/372662/, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en

## Offer under the Indian Contract Act, 1872

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/offer-proposal

Understand the meaning, essentials, types, communication and revocation of an offer with clear examples and leading contract law cases.

Primary topics and provisions: offer under Indian Contract Act, proposal under Indian Contract Act, essentials of valid offer, types of offer in contract law, revocation of offer, Offer or Proposal, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Section 2(a), Sections 3 to 6

Reviewed: 2026-07-31

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/1892/1.html, https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKPC/1893/1.html, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/2902.pdf, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en

## Online Contracts under Indian Law

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/online-contracts

Learn how online contracts form through email, clickwrap and automated systems, with rules on validity, attribution, receipt and electronic evidence.

Primary topics and provisions: online contracts in India, validity of electronic contracts India, clickwrap and browsewrap agreements, Section 10A Information Technology Act, email contract validity India, Online Contracts, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Indian Contract Act, Sections 3 to 10, Information Technology Act, Sections 4, 5 and 10A to 13

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/13116/1/it_act_2000_updated.pdf, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/20063/1/aa202347.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/35946.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/2902.pdf, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf

## Performance of Contract under the Indian Contract Act

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/performance-of-contract

Apply personal performance, valid tender, time and place, reciprocal promises and delay through Sections 37 to 55 and leading cases.

Primary topics and provisions: performance of contract under Indian Contract Act, valid tender under Section 38, reciprocal promises in contract law, time and place of performance, time is essence Section 55, Performance of Contract, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Sections 37 to 55

Reviewed: 2026-08-03

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1533730/, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1009465/, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1757550/, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en

## Privity of Contract and Its Exceptions

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/privity-of-contract

Understand the doctrine of privity, its difference from third-party consideration, recognized exceptions, remedies and leading Indian cases.

Primary topics and provisions: privity of contract, exceptions to privity of contract, stranger to contract cannot sue, privity of consideration India, M C Chacko case privity, Privity of Contract, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Section 2(d), Sections 37 and 40

Reviewed: 2026-08-03

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://www.api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/1714.pdf, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1377067/, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en

## Quantum Meruit under Indian Contract Law

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/quantum-meruit

Learn when quantum meruit allows reasonable payment for work or services, its statutory routes, limits, measure and relationship with restitution.

Primary topics and provisions: quantum meruit under Indian contract law, quantum meruit meaning, Section 70 Indian Contract Act, reasonable remuneration contract law, quantum meruit and damages difference, Quantum Meruit, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Sections 65 and 70

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2018/39310/39310_2018_Judgement_27-Feb-2019.pdf

## Quasi-Contracts under Sections 68 to 72

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/quasi-contracts

Learn quasi-contractual obligations covering necessaries, interested payments, non-gratuitous benefits, finders of goods and mistaken payments.

Primary topics and provisions: quasi contracts under Indian Contract Act, Sections 68 to 72 Indian Contract Act, quasi contract meaning and examples, obligations resembling contract, Section 72 mistake of law, Quasi-Contracts, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Sections 68 to 72

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2018/39310/39310_2018_Judgement_27-Feb-2019.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/30884.pdf

## Standard Form Contracts and Unfair Terms

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/standard-form-contracts

Understand standard form contracts, incorporation, notice, interpretation, exclusion clauses, unequal bargaining power and unfair consumer terms in India.

Primary topics and provisions: standard form contracts in India, standard form contract meaning, exclusion clause in contract law, unfair contract Consumer Protection Act, unequal bargaining power contract law, Standard Form of Contract, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Sections 10 and 23, Sections 13 to 19, Consumer Protection Act, 2019

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/15256/1/eng201935.pdf, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/477313/

## Types of Agreements under the Indian Contract Act, 1872

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/types-of-agreements-under-indian-contract-act-1872

Understand valid, void, voidable, illegal, express, implied, contingent and other agreements through clear definitions, examples, comparisons and leading cases.

Primary topics and provisions: types of agreements under Indian Contract Act, types of contract in Indian Contract Act, valid void and voidable agreements, classification of agreements in contract law

Reviewed: 2026-07-31

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/930662/, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1214064/, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/477313/, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/644187/

## Undue Influence under Section 16 of the Indian Contract Act

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/undue-influence

Understand domination of will, unfair advantage, unconscionable transactions, burden of proof, independent advice and relief under Section 19A.

Primary topics and provisions: undue influence under Indian Contract Act, Section 16 Indian Contract Act, burden of proof undue influence, undue influence and coercion difference, Section 19A Indian Contract Act, Undue Influence, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Section 16, Section 19A

Reviewed: 2026-08-03

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/64921/, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/719536/, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1679391/, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/2180.pdf

## Unlawful Consideration and Object under Section 23

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/unlawful-consideration-and-object

Understand every ground of unlawfulness under Section 23, public policy, severability, collateral transactions, restitution and leading cases.

Primary topics and provisions: unlawful consideration and object, Section 23 Indian Contract Act, lawful object and consideration, public policy in contract law, void and illegal agreement difference, Unlawful Consideration and Object, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Sections 23 and 24, Sections 30 and 65

Reviewed: 2026-08-03

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/407.pdf, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/527706/, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/477313/, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/371597/, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en

## Valid, Void, Voidable and Illegal Agreements

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/contract-law/valid-void-voidable-illegal-unlawful-agreements

Compare valid, void, voidable and illegal agreements through their legal effects, remedies, examples and leading cases under the Indian Contract Act.

Primary topics and provisions: difference between void voidable and illegal agreements, valid void voidable illegal agreements, void agreement and void contract difference, restitution under Section 65 Indian Contract Act, every illegal agreement is void, Valid, Void, Voidable, Illegal and Unlawful Agreements, contract law notes, Indian Contract Act notes, contract law cases, law of contract, Sections 2(g) to 2(j), Sections 19, 23, 24 and 65

Reviewed: 2026-08-03

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/407.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/1001.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/2180.pdf, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en

# Special Contracts and Commercial Law Study Guide

Subject hub: https://lexmentor.co/notes/special-contracts

Indemnity, guarantee, bailment, agency, partnership, sale of goods and negotiable instruments.

Each guide includes a direct answer, doctrinal explanation, practical illustration, useful case law, exam structure, revision points and cited sources.

## Agency: Creation, Authority, Ratification and Termination

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/special-contracts/agency-creation-authority-and-termination

Learn creation of agency, actual and apparent authority, ratification, agency coupled with interest, termination and notice to third parties.

Primary topics and provisions: agency under Indian Contract Act, creation and termination of agency, actual and apparent authority, ratification under Indian Contract Act, Agency: Creation, Authority and Termination, special contracts notes, commercial law notes, contract law 2 notes, sale of goods notes, Sections 182 to 208, Sections 226 to 238

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/1221.pdf

## Bailment: Rights, Duties and Lien

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/special-contracts/bailment-rights-duties-and-lien

Understand delivery, possession, bailor and bailee duties, standard of care, unauthorised use, return and particular and general liens.

Primary topics and provisions: bailment rights duties and lien, duties of bailor and bailee, particular and general lien difference, Section 151 standard of care bailee, Bailment: Rights, Duties and Lien, special contracts notes, commercial law notes, contract law 2 notes, sale of goods notes, Sections 148 to 171

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2011/9781/9781_2011_Judgement_28-Feb-2017.pdf

## Conditions and Warranties under the Sale of Goods Act

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/special-contracts/conditions-and-warranties

Classify conditions and warranties, apply implied terms on title, description, quality, fitness and sample, and choose rejection or damages.

Primary topics and provisions: conditions and warranties under Sale of Goods Act, condition and warranty difference, implied conditions Sale of Goods Act, buyer remedy breach of warranty, Conditions and Warranties, special contracts notes, commercial law notes, contract law 2 notes, sale of goods notes, Sections 11 to 17, Section 59

Reviewed: 2026-08-15

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2390?locale=en, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/indiacode/bitstream/123456789/2390/1/193003.pdf

## Discharge of Surety under the Indian Contract Act

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/special-contracts/discharge-of-surety

Learn discharge of surety by variance, release, composition, giving time, impaired remedies, loss of securities and revocation of guarantee.

Primary topics and provisions: discharge of surety under Indian Contract Act, grounds for discharge of surety, Section 133 variance guarantee, Section 141 loss of security, Discharge of Surety, special contracts notes, commercial law notes, contract law 2 notes, sale of goods notes, Sections 130 to 141

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/18400.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/36602.pdf, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en

## Dishonour of Negotiable Instruments and Cheques

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/special-contracts/dishonour-of-negotiable-instruments

Learn dishonour by non-acceptance and non-payment, notice, protest and the complete Section 138 cheque timeline, presumptions and company liability.

Primary topics and provisions: dishonour of cheque under Section 138, Section 138 cheque bounce timeline, notice of dishonour negotiable instrument, Section 139 rebuttable presumption, Dishonour of Negotiable Instruments, special contracts notes, commercial law notes, contract law 2 notes, sale of goods notes, Sections 91 to 98, Sections 118, 138 to 148

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/13092?locale=en, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2189/1/a1881-26.pdf, https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=9862, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2023/52267/52267_2023_15_15_56255_Judgement_01-Oct-2024.pdf, https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/Upload/English/Notification/PDFs/CVC041111.pdf, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2189?locale=en

## Dissolution of a Partnership Firm and Settlement of Accounts

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/special-contracts/dissolution-of-partnership-firm

Learn every mode of dissolution, the difference from reconstitution, public notice, winding up, goodwill and the Section 48 settlement sequence.

Primary topics and provisions: dissolution of partnership firm, Section 48 Partnership Act accounts, dissolution and reconstitution difference, modes of dissolution of firm, Dissolution of a Partnership Firm, special contracts notes, commercial law notes, contract law 2 notes, sale of goods notes, Sections 39 to 55

Reviewed: 2026-08-15

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2394, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2394/1/aA1932-9.pdf, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/21606?locale=en

## Holder and Holder in Due Course

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/special-contracts/holder-and-holder-in-due-course

Compare holder and holder in due course through entitlement, consideration, maturity, defective title, presumptions, estoppel and forgery limits.

Primary topics and provisions: difference between holder and holder in due course, Section 8 and 9 Negotiable Instruments Act, privileges of holder in due course, holder in due course defective title, Holder and Holder in Due Course, special contracts notes, commercial law notes, contract law 2 notes, sale of goods notes, Sections 8 to 10, Sections 20, 36, 53 and 58, Sections 118 to 122

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/13092?locale=en, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2189/1/a1881-26.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2020/7298/7298_2020_42_1504_32278_Judgement_03-Jan-2022.pdf, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2189?locale=en

## Incoming and Outgoing Partners and Position of a Minor

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/special-contracts/incoming-outgoing-partners-and-minor

Learn admission, retirement, expulsion, old and future liabilities, public notice and the rights and election of a minor admitted to benefits.

Primary topics and provisions: incoming and outgoing partners under Partnership Act, minor admitted to benefits of partnership, retirement of partner public notice, liability of incoming partner for old debts, Incoming and Outgoing Partners and the Position of a Minor, special contracts notes, commercial law notes, contract law 2 notes, sale of goods notes, Sections 30 to 38

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2394/1/A1932-9.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/43.pdf, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/21606?locale=en, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2394/1/aA1932-9.pdf

## Indemnity and Guarantee under the Indian Contract Act

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/special-contracts/indemnity-and-guarantee

Compare indemnity and guarantee through their parties, purpose, liability, continuing guarantees, surety rights, securities and leading cases.

Primary topics and provisions: indemnity and guarantee under Indian Contract Act, difference between indemnity and guarantee, rights of surety under Indian Contract Act, co-extensive liability Section 128, Indemnity and Guarantee, special contracts notes, commercial law notes, contract law 2 notes, sale of goods notes, Indian Contract Act, 1872, Sections 124 to 147

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/36602.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/18400.pdf

## Material Alteration and Crossing of Cheques

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/special-contracts/material-alteration-and-crossing-of-cheques

Apply Sections 87, 89 and 123 to 131 to altered instruments, general and special crossings, not-negotiable cheques and banker liability.

Primary topics and provisions: material alteration and crossing of cheques, Section 87 Negotiable Instruments Act, general and special crossing difference, collecting banker negligence Section 131, Material Alteration and Crossing of Cheques, special contracts notes, commercial law notes, contract law 2 notes, sale of goods notes, Sections 87 to 89, Sections 123 to 131A

Reviewed: 2026-08-15

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2189?locale=en, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2189/1/a1881-26.pdf

## Meaning and Types of Negotiable Instruments

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/special-contracts/meaning-and-kinds-of-negotiable-instruments

Compare promissory notes, bills of exchange and cheques through their ingredients, parties, negotiation rules and holder-in-due-course protection.

Primary topics and provisions: types of negotiable instruments, promissory note bill of exchange cheque difference, meaning of negotiable instrument, holder and holder in due course, Meaning and Kinds of Negotiable Instruments, special contracts notes, commercial law notes, contract law 2 notes, sale of goods notes, Sections 4 to 7, Sections 13 to 20

Reviewed: 2026-08-15

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2189?locale=en, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2189/1/a1881-26.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2018/16372/16372_2018_Judgement_06-Feb-2019.pdf

## Nature of Partnership and the Mutual Agency Test

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/special-contracts/nature-of-partnership

Apply Sections 4 to 8 through agreement, business, profit sharing and mutual agency, and distinguish a firm from co-ownership, company and LLP.

Primary topics and provisions: nature of partnership under Partnership Act, Section 4 Partnership Act essentials, mutual agency test partnership, partnership and co-ownership difference, Nature of a Partnership Firm, special contracts notes, commercial law notes, contract law 2 notes, sale of goods notes, Sections 4 to 8, Section 18

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2394/1/aA1932-9.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/758.pdf, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/21606?locale=en

## Passing of Property and Risk in Sale of Goods

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/special-contracts/passing-of-property-and-risk

Apply rules for specific and unascertained goods, appropriation, reservation of disposal, sale on approval, risk and nemo dat exceptions.

Primary topics and provisions: passing of property and risk in goods, Sections 18 to 26 Sale of Goods Act, unconditional appropriation of goods, nemo dat rule and exceptions, Passing of Property and Risk, special contracts notes, commercial law notes, contract law 2 notes, sale of goods notes, Sections 18 to 26, Sections 27 to 30

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2390?locale=en, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/indiacode/bitstream/123456789/2390/1/193003.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2006/4645/4645_2006_3_1501_44491_Judgement_15-May-2023.pdf

## Rights and Duties of Indemnifier and Indemnity-holder

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/special-contracts/rights-and-duties-in-indemnity

Learn damages, costs, compromise payments, crystallised liability, prudence, subrogation and the limits of an indemnity under Sections 124 and 125.

Primary topics and provisions: rights and duties in contract of indemnity, rights of indemnity holder Section 125, liability of indemnifier begins, indemnity damages costs compromise, Rights and Duties in Indemnity, special contracts notes, commercial law notes, contract law 2 notes, sale of goods notes, Sections 124 and 125

Reviewed: 2026-08-15

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187?locale=en, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2187/2/A187209.pdf

## Rights and Duties of Partners under the Partnership Act

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/special-contracts/rights-and-duties-of-partners

Understand partner management rights, accounts, profit sharing, fiduciary duties, secret profits, indemnity and remedies under Sections 9 to 17.

Primary topics and provisions: rights and duties of partners, Sections 9 to 17 Partnership Act, duties of partners in a firm, rights of partners partnership deed, Rights and Duties of Partners, special contracts notes, commercial law notes, contract law 2 notes, sale of goods notes, Sections 9 to 17

Reviewed: 2026-08-15

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2394, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2394/1/aA1932-9.pdf, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/21606?locale=en

## Rights of an Unpaid Seller and Remedies for Breach

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/special-contracts/unpaid-seller-rights-and-remedies

Learn unpaid seller lien, stoppage in transit, resale, withholding delivery and personal remedies for price, non-acceptance and non-delivery.

Primary topics and provisions: rights of unpaid seller under Sale of Goods Act, seller lien and stoppage in transit, Section 54 resale by unpaid seller, personal remedies of unpaid seller, Rights of an Unpaid Seller and Remedies for Breach, special contracts notes, commercial law notes, contract law 2 notes, sale of goods notes, Sections 45 to 54, Sections 55 to 61

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2390?locale=en, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/indiacode/bitstream/123456789/2390/1/193003.pdf, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1851845/

## Sale and Agreement to Sell under the Sale of Goods Act

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/special-contracts/sale-and-agreement-to-sell

Compare sale and agreement to sell through transfer of ownership, risk, insolvency, remedies, future goods, price and related transactions.

Primary topics and provisions: difference between sale and agreement to sell, Section 4 Sale of Goods Act, sale and agreement to sell insolvency, future goods agreement to sell, Sale and Agreement to Sell, special contracts notes, commercial law notes, contract law 2 notes, sale of goods notes, Sections 2 and 4 to 10, Section 26

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2390?locale=en, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/indiacode/bitstream/123456789/2390/1/193003.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2006/4645/4645_2006_3_1501_44491_Judgement_15-May-2023.pdf

# Tort Law and Consumer Rights Study Guide

Subject hub: https://lexmentor.co/notes/tort-law

Civil wrongs, negligence, protected interests, liability doctrines, landmark cases and consumer remedies.

Each guide includes a direct answer, doctrinal explanation, practical illustration, useful case law, exam structure, revision points and cited sources.

# Constitutional Law Study Guide

Subject hub: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law

Constitutional foundations, institutions, federalism, rights, remedies, judicial review and democratic government in India.

Each guide includes a direct answer, doctrinal explanation, practical illustration, useful case law, exam structure, revision points and cited sources.

## Administrative Relations between Union and States

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/administrative-relations-between-union-and-states

Learn executive spheres, Union directions, entrusted functions, Inter-State Council, All India Services and limits on coercive federal action.

Primary topics and provisions: administrative relations between Union and States, Articles 256 to 263 explained, Union directions to State government, All India Services Article 312, Administrative Relations between Union and States, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Articles 73 and 162, Articles 256 to 263, Articles 312 and 365

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2018/11254/11254_2018_Judgement_06-Dec-2018.pdf

## Constitution and Constitutionalism

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/constitution-and-constitutionalism

Understand constitutions, limited government, rule of law, separation of powers, rights, accountability, judicial review and basic structure.

Primary topics and provisions: constitution and constitutionalism, constitutionalism meaning and elements, limited government and rule of law, constitution and constitutionalism difference, Constitution and Constitutionalism, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Preamble, Articles 13, 32, 226 and 368

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/29981.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/4488.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/36827.pdf

## Constitutional Amendment and Basic Structure

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/constitutional-amendment-and-basic-structure

Learn Article 368 procedure, State ratification, development of the basic structure doctrine, damage analysis and Ninth Schedule review.

Primary topics and provisions: constitutional amendment and basic structure, Article 368 amendment procedure, basic structure doctrine cases, Kesavananda Bharati amendment power, Constitutional Amendment and Basic Structure, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Article 368, Articles 13 and 31B

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/29981.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/4488.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/36827.pdf

## Constitutional Protection in Criminal Proceedings

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/constitutional-protection-in-criminal-proceedings

Apply Article 20 to retrospective punishment, double jeopardy and compelled self-incrimination through separate legal tests and leading cases.

Primary topics and provisions: Article 20 protection in criminal proceedings, ex post facto law Article 20(1), double jeopardy Article 20(2), self incrimination Article 20(3), Constitutional Protection in Criminal Proceedings, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Article 20

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/42477.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2012/26682/26682_2012_33_1501_24551_Judgement_29-Oct-2020.pdf

## Doctrine of Colourable Legislation

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/colourable-legislation

Understand indirect legislative transgression, substance over form, competence and the difference between colourability, motive and rights review.

Primary topics and provisions: doctrine of colourable legislation, colourable legislation meaning, K C Gajapati colourable legislation, what cannot be done directly indirectly doctrine, Colourable Legislation, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Articles 245 and 246, Seventh Schedule

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/1020.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2019/24417/24417_2019_4_1501_18158_Judgement_15-Nov-2019.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2013/8142/8142_2013_6_1501_61983_Judgement_22-May-2025.pdf

## Doctrines of Eclipse, Severability and Waiver

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/doctrines-of-eclipse-severability-and-waiver

Apply Article 13 to pre and post-Constitution laws through eclipse, revival, severability, reading down and the rule against waiver of rights.

Primary topics and provisions: doctrines of eclipse severability and waiver, doctrine of eclipse Article 13, doctrine of severability India, waiver of Fundamental Rights, Doctrines of Eclipse, Severability and Waiver, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Article 13

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/454.pdf

## Emergency Provisions under the Indian Constitution

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/emergency-provisions-under-indian-constitution

Understand National Emergency, President's Rule and Financial Emergency through grounds, approval, duration, rights effects and judicial review.

Primary topics and provisions: emergency provisions in Indian Constitution, National Emergency Article 352, President Rule Article 356, Articles 358 and 359 rights emergency, Emergency Provisions under the Indian Constitution, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Articles 352 to 360, Articles 250, 358 and 359

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2012/35071/35071_2012_Judgement_24-Aug-2017.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/43784.pdf

## Federal Nature of the Indian Constitution

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/federal-nature-of-indian-constitution

Understand dual polity, distribution of powers, centralising features, cooperative and asymmetric federalism and federalism as basic structure.

Primary topics and provisions: federal nature of Indian Constitution, federal and unitary features of India, cooperative federalism in India, federalism basic structure doctrine, Federal Nature of the Indian Constitution, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Articles 1 to 4, Articles 245 to 263, Seventh Schedule

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2018/11254/11254_2018_Judgement_06-Dec-2018.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2019/2356/2356_2019_35_1501_27914_Judgement_04-May-2021.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2019/27021/27021_2019_8_1501_61936_Judgement_15-May-2025.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/29981.pdf

## Financial Relations between Union and States

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/financial-relations-between-union-and-states

Understand taxing authority, revenue distribution, Finance Commission, grants, GST Council, borrowing and public funds in Indian fiscal federalism.

Primary topics and provisions: financial relations between Union and States, fiscal federalism in India, Finance Commission Article 280, GST Council cooperative federalism, Financial Relations between Union and States, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Articles 265 to 293, Articles 246A, 269A and 279A

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://fincomindia.nic.in/constitutional-provisions, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2020/23083/23083_2020_4_1501_35969_Judgement_19-May-2022.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2013/8142/8142_2013_6_1501_61983_Judgement_22-May-2025.pdf

## Freedom of Speech and Other Article 19 Freedoms

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/freedom-of-speech-and-article-19-freedoms

Understand all six Article 19 freedoms, restriction clauses, speech grounds, vagueness, online expression, proportionality and procedural safeguards.

Primary topics and provisions: freedom of speech under Article 19, Article 19 freedoms explained, reasonable restrictions Article 19(2), Shreya Singhal freedom of speech, Freedom of Speech and Other Article 19 Freedoms, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Article 19

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2020/13316/13316_2020_38_1501_25056_Judgement_07-Dec-2020.pdf

## Freedom of Trade, Commerce and Intercourse

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/freedom-of-trade-commerce-and-intercourse

Apply Articles 301 to 307 to taxes, trade barriers, non-discrimination and public-interest restrictions after the Jindal Stainless decision.

Primary topics and provisions: freedom of trade commerce and intercourse, Articles 301 to 307 explained, Jindal Stainless Article 304 tax, freedom of trade and commerce India, Freedom of Trade, Commerce and Intercourse, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Articles 301 to 307, Article 19(1)(g)

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/44300.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/35684.pdf

## Fundamental Rights and Definition of State

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/fundamental-rights-meaning-enforcement-and-definition-of-state

Understand right-holders, vertical and horizontal operation, Article 12 State, instrumentality tests, public duty and constitutional remedies.

Primary topics and provisions: State under Article 12, definition of State Article 12, instrumentality or agency test, Fundamental Rights enforcement India, Fundamental Rights: Meaning, Enforcement and Definition of State, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Articles 12, 13, 32 and 226

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2023/19594/19594_2023_11_1501_69242_Judgement_12-Mar-2026.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2010/33201/33201_2010_3_1501_62094_Judgement_21-May-2025.pdf

## Harmonious Construction and Repugnancy

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/harmonious-construction-and-repugnancy

Distinguish legislative overlap from Article 254 conflict through harmonious construction, direct inconsistency, occupied field and presidential assent.

Primary topics and provisions: harmonious construction and repugnancy, repugnancy under Article 254, M Karunanidhi repugnancy test, presidential assent Article 254(2), Harmonious Construction and Repugnancy, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Articles 246, 251 and 254, Seventh Schedule

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2004/23405/23405_2004_31_1502_21807_Judgement_22-Apr-2020.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2011/19072/19072_2011_12_1502_34280_Judgement_23-Mar-2022.pdf

## Judicial Appointments and Independence

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/judicial-appointments-and-independence

Trace the Judges Cases, collegium, NJAC decision and constitutional safeguards for tenure, finances, decisional freedom and accountability.

Primary topics and provisions: judicial appointments and independence in India, collegium system in India, NJAC judgment and basic structure, independence of judiciary safeguards, Judicial Appointments and Independence, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Articles 124, 217, 222 and 50, Article 368

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/43070.pdf, https://main.sci.gov.in/collegium-resolutions, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/36365.pdf

## Legislative Relations between Union and States

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/legislative-relations-between-union-and-states

Understand territorial and subject-matter competence, the three Lists, GST and residuary powers, State List exceptions and overlap doctrines.

Primary topics and provisions: legislative relations between Union and States, Union and State legislative powers, Articles 245 to 254 explained, Seventh Schedule legislative relations, Legislative Relations between Union and States, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Articles 245 to 255, Articles 246A and 248, Seventh Schedule

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2024/41744/41744_2024_1_1501_63922_Judgement_01-Sep-2025.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2013/8142/8142_2013_6_1501_61983_Judgement_22-May-2025.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2020/23083/23083_2020_4_1501_35969_Judgement_19-May-2022.pdf

## Making and Sources of the Indian Constitution

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/making-and-sources-of-indian-constitution

Trace the Constituent Assembly, Objectives Resolution, Drafting Committee, adoption timeline and Indian adaptation of comparative constitutional ideas.

Primary topics and provisions: making of the Indian Constitution, sources of Indian Constitution, Constituent Assembly timeline, Drafting Committee and Objectives Resolution, Making and Sources of the Indian Constitution, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Objectives Resolution, Constituent Assembly Debates

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://eparlib.sansad.in/handle/123456789/760448, https://eparlib.sansad.in/bitstream/123456789/763000/1/cad_08-11-1948.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/29981.pdf, https://eparlib.sansad.in/handle/123456789/760459?view_type=browse

## Parliament: Composition and Legislative Process

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/parliament-composition-and-legislative-process

Understand the two Houses, membership, officers, ordinary and Money Bills, joint sittings, constitutional amendments, assent and judicial review.

Primary topics and provisions: composition and legislative process of Parliament, Indian Parliament composition, legislative procedure in Parliament, ordinary Bill and Money Bill difference, Parliament: Composition and Legislative Process, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Articles 79 to 122, Tenth Schedule

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://sansad.in/ls/legislation/introduction, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/38145.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/judgment/judis/12491.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2014/10177/10177_2014_1_1501_51211_Judgement_04-Mar-2024.pdf

## Parliamentary Privileges under Articles 105 and 194

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/parliamentary-privileges

Learn individual and collective legislative privileges, speech and vote immunity, contempt, expulsion, bribery and the limits of judicial review.

Primary topics and provisions: parliamentary privileges in India, Articles 105 and 194 privileges, parliamentary privilege and judicial review, Sita Soren parliamentary privilege case, Parliamentary Privileges, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Articles 105 and 194, Articles 122 and 212

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2014/10177/10177_2014_1_1501_51211_Judgement_04-Mar-2024.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/35656.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/44408.pdf

## Parliamentary Sovereignty and Constitutional Supremacy

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/parliamentary-sovereignty-and-constitutional-supremacy

Compare Parliament in India and the United Kingdom through constitutional limits, judicial review, federalism, rights and the basic structure doctrine.

Primary topics and provisions: parliamentary sovereignty in India, constitutional supremacy in India, limits on parliamentary sovereignty, Parliament sovereignty India and UK, Parliamentary Sovereignty and Constitutional Supremacy, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Articles 13, 245, 246 and 368, Seventh Schedule

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/29981.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/36827.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/4488.pdf

## Preamble of the Indian Constitution

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/preamble-of-indian-constitution

Learn every Preamble commitment, its interpretive value, legal status, amendment through the Forty-second Amendment and relation to basic structure.

Primary topics and provisions: Preamble of Indian Constitution, Preamble meaning and keywords, is Preamble part of Constitution, Preamble and basic structure doctrine, Preamble of the Indian Constitution, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Preamble, Article 368

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/401.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/29981.pdf, https://eparlib.sansad.in/handle/123456789/760448

## President and Governor: Position and Powers

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/president-and-governor-position-and-powers

Understand executive, legislative, financial and clemency powers, aid and advice, constitutional discretion, assent and judicially reviewable inaction.

Primary topics and provisions: powers of President and Governor in India, President and Governor constitutional position, Governor discretion and assent, Articles 111 200 and 201, President and Governor: Position and Powers, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Articles 52 to 78, Articles 153 to 167, Articles 200, 201, 123 and 213

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2025/39157/39157_2025_1_1501_66169_Judgement_20-Nov-2025.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/43568.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/6215.pdf, https://www.api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2025/39157/39157_2025_1_1501_66169_Judgement_20-Nov-2025.pdf

## Right to Equality under Articles 14 to 18

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/right-to-equality-articles-14-to-18

Learn classification, arbitrariness, substantive equality, non-discrimination, public employment, affirmative action, untouchability and titles.

Primary topics and provisions: right to equality Articles 14 to 18, Article 14 reasonable classification, equality and arbitrariness doctrine, Articles 15 and 16 reservation, Right to Equality under Articles 14 to 18, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Articles 14 to 18

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/20380.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2021/27706/27706_2021_7_1503_71652_Judgement_27-May-2026.pdf

## Salient Features of the Indian Constitution

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/salient-features-of-indian-constitution

Study constitutional supremacy, parliamentary democracy, federalism, rights, social transformation, judicial review and amendment design.

Primary topics and provisions: salient features of Indian Constitution, features of Constitution of India, Indian Constitution structural features, rigid and flexible Constitution India, Salient Features of the Indian Constitution, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Preamble, Parts III and IV, Articles 32, 136, 226 and 368

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/29981.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/43070.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/36827.pdf

## Supreme Court and High Courts: Jurisdiction

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/supreme-court-and-high-courts-jurisdiction

Map original, appellate, advisory, writ, review and supervisory jurisdiction and compare constitutional remedies under Articles 32 and 226.

Primary topics and provisions: Supreme Court and High Court jurisdiction, jurisdiction of Supreme Court of India, High Court jurisdiction Article 226, difference between Articles 32 and 226, Supreme Court and High Courts: Jurisdiction, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Articles 32, 131 to 143, Articles 226 and 227

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://www.sci.gov.in/jurisdiction/, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2017/9680/9680_2017_1_1501_18247_Judgement_13-Nov-2019.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/43863.pdf

## Territorial Nexus and Pith and Substance

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/constitutional-law/territorial-nexus-and-pith-and-substance

Apply territorial connection, dominant character and incidental encroachment to modern multi-State disputes through a clear competence method.

Primary topics and provisions: territorial nexus and pith and substance, doctrine of territorial nexus, pith and substance doctrine India, incidental encroachment legislative competence, Territorial Nexus and Pith and Substance, constitutional law notes, Indian Constitution notes, constitutional law cases, Preamble notes, Articles 245 and 246, Seventh Schedule

Reviewed: 2026-08-16

Primary sources: https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/constitution-of-india/constitution-of-india-AjN2EjMtQWa?pageTitle=Constitution-of-India, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2011/19072/19072_2011_12_1502_34280_Judgement_23-Mar-2022.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2013/8142/8142_2013_6_1501_61983_Judgement_22-May-2025.pdf

# Administrative Law Study Guide

Subject hub: https://lexmentor.co/notes/administrative-law

Administrative power, delegated legislation, tribunals, natural justice, discretion and judicial review in India.

Each guide includes a direct answer, doctrinal explanation, practical illustration, useful case law, exam structure, revision points and cited sources.

# Criminal Law Study Guide

Subject hub: https://lexmentor.co/notes/criminal-law

General principles, criminal liability, defences and substantive offences under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.

Each guide includes a direct answer, doctrinal explanation, practical illustration, useful case law, exam structure, revision points and cited sources.

# Criminal Procedure Study Guide

Subject hub: https://lexmentor.co/notes/criminal-procedure

FIR, investigation, arrest, bail, trials, appeals and criminal process under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023.

Each guide includes a direct answer, doctrinal explanation, practical illustration, useful case law, exam structure, revision points and cited sources.

# Law of Evidence Study Guide

Subject hub: https://lexmentor.co/notes/law-of-evidence

Relevancy, admissibility, proof, presumptions, documents and witnesses under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023.

Each guide includes a direct answer, doctrinal explanation, practical illustration, useful case law, exam structure, revision points and cited sources.

## Definitions under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/law-of-evidence/definitions-under-bsa-2023

Learn fact, fact in issue, relevant fact, evidence, document, proved, disproved, not proved and statutory presumptions under Section 2 of the BSA.

Primary topics and provisions: BSA 2023 definitions Section 2, fact in issue and relevant fact difference, proved disproved and not proved, evidence definition BSA, Definitions under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, law of evidence notes, Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam notes, BSA 2023 notes, evidence law cases, BSA Section 2, BSA Section 3

Reviewed: 2026-08-15

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/20063/1/aa202347.pdf, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/20063?sam_handle=123456789%2F1362

## Foundations of Evidence Law: Meaning, Purpose and Scope

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/law-of-evidence/foundations-of-evidence-law

Understand the purpose and scope of evidence law and its relationship with substantive law, procedural law, facts in issue and judicial proof.

Primary topics and provisions: meaning and scope of evidence law, purpose of evidence law, evidence and procedural law relationship, Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam scope, Foundations of Evidence Law: Meaning, Purpose and Scope, law of evidence notes, Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam notes, BSA 2023 notes, evidence law cases, BSA Sections 1 to 3, BSA Sections 104 and 141

Reviewed: 2026-08-15

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/20063/1/aa202347.pdf, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/20063?sam_handle=123456789%2F1362

## Plea of Alibi, Test Identification and Conspiracy

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/law-of-evidence/alibi-identification-and-conspiracy

Learn the burden for proving alibi, the purpose and limits of Test Identification Parades and the evidentiary rules for proving conspiracy.

Primary topics and provisions: plea of alibi and test identification parade, burden of proving alibi, test identification parade evidence law, proving criminal conspiracy evidence, Plea of Alibi, Test Identification and Conspiracy in Evidence Law, law of evidence notes, Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam notes, BSA 2023 notes, evidence law cases, BSA Sections 7 to 9, BSA Sections 104 and 107

Reviewed: 2026-08-15

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/20063/1/aa202347.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2022/12578/12578_2022_9_1503_58088_Judgement_19-Dec-2024.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2017/39313/39313_2017_6_1501_19107_Judgement_10-Dec-2019.pdf

## Relevancy, Admissibility and Proof under Evidence Law

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/law-of-evidence/relevancy-admissibility-and-proof

Separate relevancy, admissibility, reliability and weight through factum probandum, factum probans and the Indian rule on illegally obtained evidence.

Primary topics and provisions: relevancy and admissibility in evidence law, factum probandum and factum probans, illegally obtained evidence India, reliability and weight of evidence, Relevancy, Admissibility and Proof under Evidence Law, law of evidence notes, Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam notes, BSA 2023 notes, evidence law cases, BSA Sections 3 and 141, BSA Section 107

Reviewed: 2026-08-15

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/20063/1/aa202347.pdf, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/20063?sam_handle=123456789%2F1362

## Res Gestae and Connected Facts under Sections 4 to 14

URL: https://lexmentor.co/notes/law-of-evidence/res-gestae-and-connected-facts

Apply the same-transaction rule and connected-fact provisions on cause, motive, conduct, identity, conspiracy, alibi, state of mind and course of business.

Primary topics and provisions: res gestae under BSA, Section 4 Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, same transaction evidence law, Sections 4 to 14 BSA notes, Res Gestae and Connected Facts under Sections 4 to 14 of the BSA, law of evidence notes, Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam notes, BSA 2023 notes, evidence law cases, BSA Sections 4 to 14

Reviewed: 2026-08-15

Primary sources: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/20063/1/aa202347.pdf, https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2009/25958/25958_2009_5_1504_52226_Judgement_09-Apr-2024.pdf

# Public Question And Answer Banks

Question-bank hub: https://lexmentor.co/questions

These pages publish server-rendered questions, options, correct answers, explanations, passage or principle text, source notes, breadcrumbs, canonical URLs, and Quiz structured data. The interactive practice app remains at /learn.

## Judiciary: ADR and Arbitration

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/judiciary/adr-and-arbitration

55 questions across 14 topics. Practice judiciary exam MCQs with answers and explanations across substantive law, procedure, evidence, constitutional law, and state judicial service subjects.

Topic coverage: Arbitral Tribunal (5), Arbitration Act Fundamentals (4), Arbitration and Evidence (1), Award and Challenge (6), Commercial Courts and ADR (2), Conciliation under Arbitration Act (2), Court Intervention in Arbitration (5), CPC Section 89 (2), Drafting and Practice (4), Foreign Awards (2), Gram Nyayalayas Act (4), Legal Services Authorities Act (4), Mediation Act, 2023 (9), Sectoral ADR (5)

## Judiciary: BSA

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/judiciary/bsa

240 questions across 25 topics. Practice judiciary exam MCQs with answers and explanations across substantive law, procedure, evidence, constitutional law, and state judicial service subjects.

Topic coverage: Accomplice Evidence (2), Admissions (10), Burden of Proof (10), Character Evidence (2), Comprehensive Cases (15), Confessions (8), Confessions - Advanced (16), Documentary Evidence - Advanced (16), Dying Declaration - Advanced (8), Electronic Evidence (8), Estoppel (5), Estoppel - Advanced (5), Estoppel and Special Provisions (10), Expert Evidence - Advanced (9), Expert Opinion (4), Introduction to BSA 2023 (8), Miscellaneous (7), Miscellaneous BSA Provisions (10), Oral and Documentary Evidence (11), Presumptions - Advanced (10), Privilege - Advanced (5), Relevancy and Admissibility (17), Relevancy of Facts (11), Witnesses (14), Witnesses - Advanced (19)

## Judiciary: Code of Civil Procedure 1908

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/judiciary/code-of-civil-procedure-1908

160 questions across 13 topics. Practice judiciary exam MCQs with answers and explanations across substantive law, procedure, evidence, constitutional law, and state judicial service subjects.

Topic coverage: Civil Procedure Mixed Practice (6), Commercial Courts and Case Management (4), Definitions and Core Concepts (7), Discovery, Issues, Trial and Evidence (14), Execution of Decrees (10), Interim Relief and Supplemental Proceedings (1), Judgment, Appeals, Review and Revision (38), Jurisdiction, Res Judicata and Place of Suing (28), Limitation and Procedural Time (12), Parties, Pleadings, Plaint and Written Statement (25), Settlement, ADR and Compromise (3), Special Suits and Special Parties (6), Specific Relief and Civil Remedies (6)

## Judiciary: Constitutional Law

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/judiciary/constitutional-law

200 questions across 17 topics. Practice judiciary exam MCQs with answers and explanations across substantive law, procedure, evidence, constitutional law, and state judicial service subjects.

Topic coverage: Article 19 Freedoms (10), Article 20 Protections (3), Articles 20-22 (7), Citizenship (10), Constitutional Amendments (9), Constitutional Bodies (6), DPSP (10), Emergency (13), Federalism (25), Fundamental Rights (19), Judicial Review (6), Miscellaneous (22), Parliamentary System (5), Preamble (15), Right to Equality (20), Separation of Powers (5), Writs and Article 32 (15)

## Judiciary: Criminal Law (BNS 2023)

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/judiciary/criminal-law-bns-2023

175 questions across 23 topics. Practice judiciary exam MCQs with answers and explanations across substantive law, procedure, evidence, constitutional law, and state judicial service subjects.

Topic coverage: BNS Key Provisions (10), Criminal Trespass (3), Culpable Homicide and Murder (11), Defamation (4), Force and Assault (6), Forgery and Counterfeiting (6), General Exceptions (11), Hurt and Bodily Offences (8), Inchoate Offences (11), Introduction to BNS 2023 (8), Joint and Group Liability (9), Kidnapping and Abduction (8), Mens Rea and Elements of Crime (10), Miscellaneous BNS Provisions (8), Offences against Property (11), Offences Against Public Justice (8), Offences Against State and Public Order (6), Offences against Women (11), Offences by Public Servants (5), Punishment and Sentencing (8), Recent Criminal Law Jurisprudence (7), Religious Offences (3), Robbery and Dacoity (3)

## Judiciary: Environmental Law

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/judiciary/environmental-law

120 questions across 15 topics. Practice judiciary exam MCQs with answers and explanations across substantive law, procedure, evidence, constitutional law, and state judicial service subjects.

Topic coverage: Air Act, 1981 (8), Biological Diversity (8), Climate Change and Energy (8), Coastal and Wetland Regulation (8), Constitutional Environmentalism (8), Environment Protection Act, 1986 (8), Environmental Clearance and EIA (8), Environmental Crimes and Enforcement (8), Environmental Principles (8), Forest Conservation (8), Hazardous Industries and Liability (8), National Green Tribunal (8), Waste Management (8), Water Act, 1974 (8), Wildlife Protection (8)

## Judiciary: Family Law

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/judiciary/family-law

300 questions across 116 topics. Practice judiciary exam MCQs with answers and explanations across substantive law, procedure, evidence, constitutional law, and state judicial service subjects.

Topic coverage: Adoption and Maintenance (18), Classical Hindu Law (17), Code of Criminal Procedure - Section 125 - Maintenance (1), Constitutional Family Law (14), Domestic Violence (9), Dowry Law (5), Family Courts (5), Guardianship and Custody (9), Hindu Adoption - Shabnam Hashmi case (1), Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act 1956 - Essentials of Valid Adoption (1), Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act 1956 - Section 11 - Conditions for Valid Adoption (1), Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act 1956 - Section 18 - Maintenance of Wife (1), Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act 1956 - Section 7 - Capacity to Adopt (1), Hindu Joint Family - Karta's Powers (1), Hindu Joint Family - Mitakshara vs Dayabhaga (1), Hindu Joint Family - Partition (1), Hindu Joint Family - Pious Obligation (1), Hindu Joint Family - Sole Surviving Coparcener (1), Hindu Law - Ancestral vs Self-Acquired Property (1), Hindu Law - Coparcenary after 2005 Amendment (1), Hindu Law - Customary Law vs Codified Law (1), Hindu Law - Doctrine of Blending (1), Hindu Law - Gift (Daan) vs Testamentary Succession (1), Hindu Law - Live-in Relationship (1), Hindu Law - Sapinda Relationship (1), Hindu Marriage (19), Hindu Marriage Act 1955 - Bhaurao Lokhande Case (1), Hindu Marriage Act 1955 - Irretrievable Breakdown (1), Hindu Marriage Act 1955 - Judicial Separation (1), Hindu Marriage Act 1955 - Lily Thomas Case (1), Hindu Marriage Act 1955 - Section 11 - Void Marriage (1), Hindu Marriage Act 1955 - Section 12 - Voidable Marriage (1), Hindu Marriage Act 1955 - Section 13 - Desertion (1), Hindu Marriage Act 1955 - Section 13 - Grounds for Divorce (1), Hindu Marriage Act 1955 - Section 13(2) - Divorce by Wife (1), Hindu Marriage Act 1955 - Section 13B - Mutual Consent Divorce (1), Hindu Marriage Act 1955 - Section 2 - Applicability (1), Hindu Marriage Act 1955 - Section 24 - Maintenance Pendente Lite (1), Hindu Marriage Act 1955 - Section 25 - Permanent Alimony (1), Hindu Marriage Act 1955 - Section 5 - Conditions of Valid Marriage (1), Hindu Marriage Act 1955 - Section 7 - Solemnisation (1), Hindu Marriage Act 1955 - Section 8 - Registration of Marriage (1), Hindu Marriage Act 1955 - Section 9 - Restitution of Conjugal Rights (1), Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act 1956 - Section 6 - Natural Guardianship (1), Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act 1956 - Welfare of Child (1), Hindu Property (11), Hindu Succession (19), Hindu Succession Act 1956 - Class II Heirs (1), Hindu Succession Act 1956 - Disqualification from Succession (1), Hindu Succession Act 1956 - Half-Blood and Full-Blood Heirs (1), Hindu Succession Act 1956 - Section 10 - Distribution Among Heirs (1), Hindu Succession Act 1956 - Section 14 - Stridhan (1), Hindu Succession Act 1956 - Section 15 - Succession to Property of Hindu Female (1), Hindu Succession Act 1956 - Section 23 - Dwelling House (Pre-Amendment) (1), Hindu Succession Act 1956 - Section 30 - Testamentary Succession (1), Hindu Succession Act 1956 - Section 4 - Overriding Effect (1), Hindu Succession Act 1956 - Section 6 - Daughter as Coparcener (2005 Amendment) (1), Hindu Succession Act 1956 - Section 8 - Class I Heirs (1), Maintenance (4), Matrimonial Relief (18), Muslim Law (23), Muslim Law - Absolute Prohibitions on Marriage (1), Muslim Law - Agnatic Residuaries (Asaba) (1), Muslim Law - Application of Muslim Personal Law in India (1), Muslim Law - Capacity to Marry - Guardianship for Marriage (1), Muslim Law - Concept of Fasid vs Batil Marriage (1), Muslim Law - Conditions for Valid Nikah (1), Muslim Law - Consummation and Dower (1), Muslim Law - Divorce by Husband - Revocable vs Irrevocable (1), Muslim Law - Divorce by Husband's Death (1), Muslim Law - Doctrine of Increase (Aul) (1), Muslim Law - Doctrine of Return (Radd) (1), Muslim Law - Faskh (Dissolution by Court) (1), Muslim Law - Gift (Hiba) (1), Muslim Law - Guardianship (Wilayat) (1), Muslim Law - Hiba (Gift) - Conditions for Shia Law (1), Muslim Law - Iddat (1), Muslim Law - Ila (Vow of Abstinence) (1), Muslim Law - Inheritance by Non-Muslims (1), Muslim Law - Irregular (Fasid) Marriages (1), Muslim Law - Khul and Mubarat (1), Muslim Law - Legitimacy and Acknowledgment (1), Muslim Law - Lian (Mutual Cursing) (1), Muslim Law - Mahr (Dower) (1), Muslim Law - Maintenance of Wife During Marriage (1), Muslim Law - Marriage During Iddat (1), Muslim Law - Marriage Registration - Nikahnama (1), Muslim Law - Minor's Marriage and Option of Puberty (1), Muslim Law - Muslim Marriage Registration (1), Muslim Law - Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act 1937 (1), Muslim Law - Muslim Women's Right to Maintenance under PWDVA (1), Muslim Law - Mut'a Marriage (Shia) (1), Muslim Law - Nasab (Legitimacy) (1), Muslim Law - Nikah - Nature and Definition (1), Muslim Law - Polygamy (1), Muslim Law - Position of Illegitimate Child in Muslim Law (1), Muslim Law - Principle of Awl in Succession (1), Muslim Law - Priority of Debts in Muslim Succession (1), Muslim Law - Prohibition on Marrying Two Sisters (1), Muslim Law - Proper Dower and Specified Dower (1), Muslim Law - Rights of Muslim Wife After Divorce (1), Muslim Law - Sada Mehar (Simple Dower) (1), Muslim Law - Shayara Bano Case - Constitutional Challenge (1), Muslim Law - Succession - Sharer (Sahib al-Fard) vs Residuaries (Asaba) (1), Muslim Law - Talaq by Written Communication (1), Muslim Law - Triple Talaq (Talaq-e-Biddat) (1), Muslim Law - Valid Forms of Talaq (1), Muslim Law - Wakf (1), Muslim Law - Will (Wasiyyat) (1), Muslim Law - Zihar (1), Muslim Succession (14), Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986 - Shah Bano Case (1), Partition (6), Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 - Section 3 - Definition (1), Special Marriage Act (9), Special Marriage Act 1954 - Application (1)

## Judiciary: Intellectual Property Rights

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/judiciary/intellectual-property-rights

195 questions across 195 topics. Practice judiciary exam MCQs with answers and explanations across substantive law, procedure, evidence, constitutional law, and state judicial service subjects.

Topic coverage: Berne Convention - Minimum Standards for Copyright (1), Copyright Act 1957 - AI and Copyright: ANI v. OpenAI (2024) (1), Copyright Act 1957 - AI-Generated Works and Authorship (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Assignment (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Authorship and First Ownership (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Berne Convention (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Broadcast Reproduction Rights (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Cinematograph Film (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Cinematograph Film: Joint Authorship (1), Copyright Act 1957 - CISAC v. Aditya Pandey (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Collecting Societies: PPL and Music Users (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Compulsory and Statutory Licences (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Computer Programmes (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Copyright Board (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Copyright in Databases (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Copyright in Judgments (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Copyright Societies and Collecting Rights (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Criminal Liability (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Definition and Scope (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Duration of Copyright (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Dynamic Injunction: Warner Bros. (2024) (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Educational Exceptions (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Fair Dealing (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Idea-Expression Dichotomy (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Infringement (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Life Events and Biographical Works (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Moral Rights (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Moral Rights: Distortion (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Neighbouring Rights and Performers (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Online Content Sharing and Intermediary Liability (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Originality (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Orphan Works (1), Copyright Act 1957 - OTT Platforms and Licensing (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Parody and Satire (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Personality Rights and AI Deepfakes (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Photographs (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Publication of Government Works (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Remedies for Infringement (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Rental Rights (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Section 65A: Technological Protection Measures (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Section 65B: Rights Management Information (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Sound Recordings (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Sui Generis Database Protection (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Transient Copies and Internet (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Works Commissioned for Specific Use (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Works of Architecture (1), Designs Act 2000 - Crocs vs Bata Case (1), Designs Act 2000 - Definition of Design (1), Designs Act 2000 - Duration of Design Protection (1), Designs Act 2000 - Novelty and Originality (1), Designs Act 2000 - Overlap with Copyright (1), Designs Act 2000 - Piracy of Design (1), Designs Act 2000 - Reckitt Benckiser v. Wyeth: Trade Dress (1), Designs Act 2000 - Registration Procedure (1), GI Act 1999 - Authorised User vs Registered Proprietor (1), GI Act 1999 - Community Rights vs Individual Rights (1), GI Act 1999 - Darjeeling Tea (1), GI Act 1999 - Definition and Nature (1), GI Act 1999 - Duration of Protection (1), GI Act 1999 - Grounds for Refusal (1), GI Act 1999 - Homonymous GIs (1), GI Act 1999 - Infringement and Remedies (1), GI Act 1999 - Pending New Indian GIs (2023-2024) (1), GI Act 1999 - Prohibition on Assignment (1), GI Act 1999 - Sarees and Handloom GIs (1), GI Act 1999 - TRIPS and GI Protection (1), International IP - Hague System for Industrial Designs (1), International IP - Traditional Knowledge and WIPO IGC (1), IP - Collective Management Organisations (1), IP - Colour Marks in Pharmaceutical Sector (1), IP - Creative Commons and Open Access (1), IP - Exhaustion and Repair vs Reconstruction (1), IP - Interconnection of IP Rights (1), IP - International Exhaustion vs National Exhaustion (1), IP - Multilateral Investment Treaties and IP (1), IP - National IPR Policy 2016 (1), IP - New Frontiers: NFTs and Blockchain (1), IP - Open Source Software and Copyright (1), IP - Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) (1), IP Enforcement - Mareva Injunction (Freezing Order) (1), IP Enforcement - Norwich Pharmacal Order (1), IP Enforcement - Quia Timet Injunction (1), IPR - CGPDTM and IP Administration in India (1), IPR - Exhaustive Revision: IPR Principles (1), Paris Convention - Priority Right for Patents (1), Patents Act 1970 - Assignment and Licensing (1), Patents Act 1970 - Best Method Disclosure (1), Patents Act 1970 - Biological Diversity and Traditional Knowledge (1), Patents Act 1970 - Biological Resources and CBD (1), Patents Act 1970 - Biotechnology and Section 3(j) (1), Patents Act 1970 - Competition Act and IP: Ericsson v. CCI (1), Patents Act 1970 - Compulsory Licensing (1), Patents Act 1970 - Compulsory Licensing: National Emergency (1), Patents Act 1970 - Computer Related Inventions (1), Patents Act 1970 - Computer Related Inventions: Comviva (2024) (1), Patents Act 1970 - Disclosure Obligations (1), Patents Act 1970 - Divisional Application (1), Patents Act 1970 - Duration and Term (1), Patents Act 1970 - Excluded Subject Matter (1), Patents Act 1970 - First to File System (1), Patents Act 1970 - Inventions Not Patentable: Section 3 (1), Patents Act 1970 - Inventive Step (1), Patents Act 1970 - Inventive Step: Hoffman Test (1), Patents Act 1970 - Jan Vishwas Act 2023: Decriminalisation (1), Patents Act 1970 - Jurisdiction: Which Court? (1), Patents Act 1970 - National Security and Secrecy (1), Patents Act 1970 - Novartis Gleevec Case (1), Patents Act 1970 - Novelty and Prior Art (1), Patents Act 1970 - Patent Infringement (1), Patents Act 1970 - Patent Rules 2024 Amendment (1), Patents Act 1970 - Patent Working Statements: Form 27 (1), Patents Act 1970 - Patentable Inventions (1), Patents Act 1970 - PCT Applications (1), Patents Act 1970 - Plant Variety Protection and Farmers' Rights (1), Patents Act 1970 - Post-Grant Opposition (1), Patents Act 1970 - Pre-Grant Opposition (1), Patents Act 1970 - Prior Claiming in Two Applications (1), Patents Act 1970 - Revocation (1), Patents Act 1970 - Section 3(d): Evergreening (1), Patents Act 1970 - Sections 3(c) and Biodiversity (1), Patents Act 1970 - Semiconductor Integrated Circuits (1), Patents Act 1970 - SEP and FRAND: Unwilling Licensee (1), Patents Act 1970 - Standard Essential Patents: FRAND Royalty (1), Patents Act 1970 - Working of Patents (1), Patents Act 1970 - Working Statements and Compulsory Licensing Reform (1), Trade Marks Act 1999 - Assignment of Trade Marks (1), Trade Secrets - Protection in India (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Absolute Grounds for Refusal (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Acquiescence (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Anton Piller and Mareva Orders (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Cadila Case (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Carrefour Case (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Certification Mark: AGMARK (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Certification Marks (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Collective Marks (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Colour Trade Marks (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Common Descriptive Terms: KWIKHEAL (2024) (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Comparative Advertising (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Cross-Border Trademark: AMUL v. AMULETI (2024) (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Dabur v. Colgate Case (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Deceptively Similar Marks (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Definition of Trade Mark (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Definitions (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Distinctiveness: Rasoi Case (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Domain Names (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Dominant Mark Feature Test (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Duration and Renewal (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Exceptions to Infringement (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Exhaustion and Parallel Imports (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Exhaustion of Rights (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Geographical Indications Conflict (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Grey Market Goods (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Honest Concurrent Use (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Honest Practices and Good Faith (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - IP Division Rules 2022: Delhi High Court (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Jan Vishwas Act 2023 and IP (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Licensing (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Madrid Protocol (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Milmet Oftho Case (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Non-Use Cancellation (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Olfactory Marks (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Paris Convention Priority (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Passing Off vs. Infringement (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Position Marks and Non-Traditional Marks (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Prior User Rights (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Rectification and Cancellation (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Rectification for Non-Use: Section 47 (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Registration Procedure (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Relative Grounds for Refusal (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Service Marks (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Shape Marks (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Sound Marks (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Standard Essential Patents and FRAND (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Statutory Damages (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Trade Dress and Colour (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Trade Mark Dilution (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Trade Mark for Services: Health and Glow (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Trade Mark Infringement Section 29 (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Trade Mark vs. Copyright (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Trade Mark vs. Trade Name (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Trademark Rules 2017: E-Filing (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - TRIPS and National Treatment (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Well-Known Mark Criteria (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Well-Known Mark: VISTARA (2023) (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Well-Known Marks (1), Trademarks Act 1999 - Whirlpool Case (1), TRIPS Agreement - Doha Declaration (1), TRIPS Agreement - Enforcement Obligations (1), TRIPS Agreement - GI and TRIPS Article 23 Controversy (1), TRIPS Agreement - Minimum Standards (1), TRIPS Agreement - Protection of Undisclosed Information (1), TRIPS Agreement - Transitional Arrangements (1), WIPO and International IP Administration (1), WIPO Copyright Treaty - Digital Rights Management (1)

## Judiciary: International Law

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/judiciary/international-law

235 questions across 37 topics. Practice judiciary exam MCQs with answers and explanations across substantive law, procedure, evidence, constitutional law, and state judicial service subjects.

Topic coverage: Air and Space Law (4), Asylum and Extradition (1), Diplomatic and Consular Law (1), Diplomatic Protection (2), Dispute Settlement (3), Environmental Law (2), Extradition and Asylum (4), Human Rights (9), Human Rights and Refugee Law (3), Immunities (12), International Court of Justice (10), International Criminal Law (14), International Economic Law (5), International Environmental Law (5), International Humanitarian Law (9), International Investment Law (3), International Law and Municipal Law (2), International Organisations (4), International Watercourses (1), Jurisdiction (14), Law of the Sea (22), Nationality (4), Recent Developments (5), Recognition (1), Recognition and Non-Recognition (1), Refugee Law (2), Self-Determination (1), Sources of International Law (14), State Recognition (2), State Responsibility (15), State Succession (5), Statehood and Recognition (8), Subjects of International Law (1), Treatment of Aliens (1), Treaty Law (24), United Nations (10), Use of Force (11)

## Judiciary: Jurisprudence

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/judiciary/jurisprudence

200 questions across 200 topics. Practice judiciary exam MCQs with answers and explanations across substantive law, procedure, evidence, constitutional law, and state judicial service subjects.

Topic coverage: Administration of Justice - Civil and Criminal Justice (1), Concept of Law - Advocates Act and Legal Profession (1), Concept of Law - Article 13 and Pre-Constitutional Custom (1), Concept of Law - Article 372 - Continuance of Pre-Constitutional Laws (1), Concept of Law - Basic Structure Doctrine - Jurisprudential Significance (1), Concept of Law - Bentham's Utilitarianism (1), Concept of Law - Burden of Proof - Jurisprudential Rationale (1), Concept of Law - Concept of Justice (1), Concept of Law - Conditional Legislation (1), Concept of Law - Critical Legal Studies Movement (1), Concept of Law - Critical Race Theory (1), Concept of Law - Custom and its Conflict with Statute (1), Concept of Law - Customary Dispute Resolution in India (1), Concept of Law - Delegated Legislation (1), Concept of Law - Doctrine of Acquiescence (1), Concept of Law - Doctrine of Colourable Legislation (1), Concept of Law - Doctrine of Constructive Notice (1), Concept of Law - Doctrine of Eclipse (1), Concept of Law - Doctrine of Estoppel in Jurisprudence (1), Concept of Law - Doctrine of Frustration - Jurisprudential Basis (1), Concept of Law - Doctrine of Implied Powers (1), Concept of Law - Doctrine of Laches (1), Concept of Law - Doctrine of Legitimate Expectation (1), Concept of Law - Doctrine of Mens Rea - Jurisprudential Foundation (1), Concept of Law - Doctrine of Pleasure (1), Concept of Law - Doctrine of Precedent and Article 141 - Binding on Whom (1), Concept of Law - Doctrine of Promissory Estoppel (1), Concept of Law - Doctrine of Proportionality (1), Concept of Law - Doctrine of Reading Down (1), Concept of Law - Doctrine of Repugnancy (1), Concept of Law - Doctrine of Res Judicata - Jurisprudential Basis (1), Concept of Law - Doctrine of Severability (1), Concept of Law - Doctrine of Stare Decisis - Exceptions and Limitations (1), Concept of Law - Doctrine of Ultra Vires (1), Concept of Law - Doctrine of Waiver of Fundamental Rights (1), Concept of Law - Double Jeopardy (1), Concept of Law - Dworkin's Distinction Between Rules and Principles (1), Concept of Law - Dworkin's Theory of Law as Integrity (1), Concept of Law - Ejusdem Generis Rule (1), Concept of Law - Equity and Law (1), Concept of Law - Equity in Indian Legal System (1), Concept of Law - Exclusionary Reasons (Raz) (1), Concept of Law - Free Law Movement (1), Concept of Law - Fuller's Eight Principles of Legality Recap (1), Concept of Law - General Defences in Criminal Law - Jurisprudential Rationale (1), Concept of Law - Golden Rule of Interpretation (1), Concept of Law - Harmonious Construction (1), Concept of Law - Hart's Concept of Open Texture (1), Concept of Law - Hart's Core and Penumbra (1), Concept of Law - Hart's Internal and External Aspects of Rules (1), Concept of Law - Imperative Theory and Its Critics (1), Concept of Law - Indian Legal System - Common Law Heritage (1), Concept of Law - Interpretation of Statutes - Literal Rule (1), Concept of Law - Interpretation of Statutes - Mischief Rule (1), Concept of Law - Judicial Process and Adjudication (1), Concept of Law - Judicial Review as Jurisprudential Concept (1), Concept of Law - Jurisprudence of Federalism (1), Concept of Law - Jurisprudence of Plea Bargaining (1), Concept of Law - Law and Economics Movement (1), Concept of Law - Legal Method and Case Reading (1), Concept of Law - Legal Pluralism (1), Concept of Law - Living Constitution Theory (1), Concept of Law - Living Law (Ehrlich) (1), Concept of Law - Lok Adalat and Alternative Dispute Resolution (1), Concept of Law - Major Legal Systems - Civil Law Tradition (1), Concept of Law - Mala Fides in Administrative Action (1), Concept of Law - Natural Justice - Audi Alteram Partem (1), Concept of Law - Natural Justice - Nemo Judex in Causa Sua (1), Concept of Law - Noscitur a Sociis Rule (1), Concept of Law - Pith and Substance Doctrine (1), Concept of Law - Postmodern Jurisprudence (1), Concept of Law - Pound's Stages of Legal Development (1), Concept of Law - Presumption of Innocence (1), Concept of Law - Public Interest Litigation - Jurisprudential Foundations (1), Concept of Law - Purposive Interpretation (1), Concept of Law - Quasi-Judicial Action (1), Concept of Law - Raz's Theory of Authority (1), Concept of Law - Reliance Theory of Contract (1), Concept of Law - Religious Legal Systems (1), Concept of Law - Residuary Powers in Federal Systems (1), Concept of Law - Right Against Self-Incrimination (1), Concept of Law - Rule of Law (Dicey) (1), Concept of Law - Rule Skepticism vs Fact Skepticism (American Realism) (1), Concept of Law - Separation of Powers (1), Concept of Law - Sovereignty (1), Concept of Law - Strict Liability and No-Fault Liability (1), Concept of Law - Subjective Satisfaction and Judicial Review (1), Concept of Law - Theories of Adjudication - Formalism (1), Concept of Law - Theories of Adjudication - Purposivism vs Textualism (1), Concept of Law - Theories of Constitutional Interpretation - Originalism (1), Concept of Law - Theories of Contract - Will Theory of Contract (1), Concept of Law - Theories of Evidence - Relevancy vs Admissibility (1), Concept of Law - Theories of Federalism - Dual Federalism vs Cooperative Federalism (1), Concept of Law - Theories of Law and Morality - Hart-Fuller Debate (1), Concept of Law - Theories of Property - Hegelian Personality Theory (1), Concept of Law - Theories of Property - Labour Theory (Locke) (1), Concept of Law - Theories of Punishment - Denunciation Theory (1), Concept of Law - Theories of Sovereignty - Pluralist Theory (1), Concept of Law - Theories of Sovereignty - Popular Sovereignty (1), Concept of Law - Theories of Tortious Liability - Fault-Based Liability (1), Concept of Law - Theory of Rights - Will Theory vs Interest Theory (1), Concept of Law - Therapeutic Jurisprudence (1), Concept of Law - Utilitarian Theory of Property (1), Concept of Law - Vicarious Liability - Jurisprudential Justification (1), Concept of Law - Wednesbury Principle (1), Jurisprudence - Allen's Definition (1), Jurisprudence - Austin's Definition (1), Jurisprudence - Etymology and Nature (1), Jurisprudence - Holland's Definition (1), Jurisprudence - Julius Stone's Definition (1), Jurisprudence - Salmond's Definition (1), Jurisprudence - Systematic/Expository Jurisprudence (1), Jurisprudence - Ulpian's and Bentham's Definitions (1), Jurisprudence - Value and Uses (1), Legal Concepts - Legal Fiction (1), Legal Personality - Animals and Legal Personality (1), Legal Personality - Bracket Theory (1), Legal Personality - Concession Theory vs Realist Theory (1), Legal Personality - Corporate Personality Theories (1), Legal Personality - Definition (1), Legal Personality - Doctrine of Indoor Management (1), Legal Personality - Doctrine of Lifting the Corporate Veil (1), Legal Personality - Juristic Persons in Hindu Law (1), Legal Personality - Rivers and Natural Entities as Legal Persons (1), Legal Personality - State as a Legal Person (1), Legal Personality - Unborn Persons and the Dead (1), Ownership - Co-ownership (1), Ownership - Definition and Incidents (1), Ownership - Duplicate and Sole Ownership (1), Ownership - Kinds of Ownership (1), Ownership - Limitations on Ownership - Eminent Domain (1), Ownership - Modes of Acquisition of Ownership (1), Ownership - Trust Ownership (1), Ownership - Vested and Contingent Ownership (1), Possession - Adverse Possession - Jurisprudential Basis (1), Possession - Constructive Possession (1), Possession - De Facto and De Jure Possession (1), Possession - Definition and Elements (1), Possession - Modes of Acquisition of Possession (1), Possession - Possession in Roman Law - Possessio and Detentio (1), Possession - Possession vs Ownership (1), Possession - Possessory Remedies (1), Possession - Why Law Protects Possession (1), Rights and Duties - Absolute and Relative Duties (1), Rights and Duties - Duties Classification (1), Rights and Duties - Hohfeld's Analysis (1), Rights and Duties - Kinds of Legal Rights (1), Rights and Duties - Perfect and Imperfect Rights (1), Rights and Duties - Primary and Sanctioning Rights (1), Rights and Duties - Public Rights and Private Rights (1), Rights and Duties - Real and Personal Rights (1), Rights and Duties - Salmond's Definition of Legal Right (1), Rights and Duties - Vested and Contingent Rights (1), Schools of Jurisprudence - Analytical School (1), Schools of Jurisprudence - Anthropological School (1), Schools of Jurisprudence - Comparative Jurisprudence (1), Schools of Jurisprudence - Comparative Overview (1), Schools of Jurisprudence - Comparison of Bentham and Austin (1), Schools of Jurisprudence - Criticism of Austin's Command Theory (1), Schools of Jurisprudence - Duguit's Social Solidarity (1), Schools of Jurisprudence - Feminist Jurisprudence (1), Schools of Jurisprudence - Grotius and Natural Law Foundations (1), Schools of Jurisprudence - Historical School (1), Schools of Jurisprudence - HLA Hart's Concept of Law (1), Schools of Jurisprudence - Idealist School (1), Schools of Jurisprudence - Indian Jurisprudential Thought - Dharmashastra (1), Schools of Jurisprudence - Maine's Contribution to Historical School (1), Schools of Jurisprudence - Marxist/Socialist Jurisprudence (1), Schools of Jurisprudence - Natural Law School (1), Schools of Jurisprudence - Pure Theory of Law (Kelsen) (1), Schools of Jurisprudence - Pure Theory vs Command Theory (1), Schools of Jurisprudence - Realist School (1), Schools of Jurisprudence - Sociological School (1), Sources of Law - Authoritative and Unauthoritative Precedent (1), Sources of Law - Autonomous Legislation (1), Sources of Law - Codification (1), Sources of Law - Custom (1), Sources of Law - Custom - Indian Context (1), Sources of Law - Custom - Modern Reconsideration of Antiquity (1), Sources of Law - Hierarchy of Courts in India (1), Sources of Law - Kinds of Custom (1), Sources of Law - Legal Method - Ratio Decidendi and Obiter Dicta (1), Sources of Law - Legislation (1), Sources of Law - Legislation - Supreme and Subordinate Legislation (1), Sources of Law - Morality as a Source (1), Sources of Law - Overruling and Distinguishing (1), Sources of Law - Persuasive Precedent (1), Sources of Law - Precedent (1), Sources of Law - Precedent - Original and Declaratory Precedent (1), Sources of Law - Stare Decisis - Horizontal and Vertical (1), Theories of Punishment - Capital Punishment Debate (1), Theories of Punishment - Compensation Theory (1), Theories of Punishment - Deterrent Theory (1), Theories of Punishment - Indeterminate Sentencing (1), Theories of Punishment - Multiple Approaches in Indian Sentencing (1), Theories of Punishment - Preventive Theory (1), Theories of Punishment - Reformative Theory (1), Theories of Punishment - Restorative Justice (1), Theories of Punishment - Retributive Theory (1), Theories of Punishment - Solitary Confinement and Critique (1)

## Judiciary: Labour Law

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/judiciary/labour-law

150 questions across 150 topics. Practice judiciary exam MCQs with answers and explanations across substantive law, procedure, evidence, constitutional law, and state judicial service subjects.

Topic coverage: Apprentices Act 1961 - Purpose and Scope (1), Apprentices Act 1961 - Section 18 - Status of Apprentices (1), Building and Other Construction Workers Act 1996 - Purpose and Cess (1), Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986 - Prohibition and Amendment (1), Code on Social Security 2020 - Aggregator and Gig Worker Contribution Mechanism (1), Code on Social Security 2020 - Consolidation of Social Security Legislation (1), Code on Social Security 2020 - Gig and Platform Workers (1), Code on Social Security 2020 - Maternity Benefit Provisions Retained from the 1961 Act (1), Code on Wages 2019 - Consolidation of Wage Legislation (1), Code on Wages 2019 - Definition of Wages - Inclusions and Exclusions (1), Code on Wages 2019 - Gender Neutrality in Wage Provisions (1), Code on Wages 2019 - Section 18 - Time Period for Payment of Wages (1), Code on Wages 2019 - Section 26 - Bonus Eligibility Wage Ceiling (1), Code on Wages 2019 - Section 30 - Maintenance of Registers, Records, and Returns (1), Code on Wages 2019 - Section 9 - Components of Minimum Wage (1), Code on Wages 2019 - Universal Minimum Wage Concept (1), Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act 1970 - Section 1 - Applicability and Purpose (1), Contract Labour Act 1970 - Steel Authority of India Case - Automatic Absorption Question (1), Employees Compensation Act 1923 - Section 10 - Notice and Claim (1), Employees Compensation Act 1923 - Section 3 - Employer's Liability for Compensation (1), Employees Compensation Act 1923 - Section 4 - Calculation of Compensation Amount (1), Employees Provident Funds Act 1952 - Schemes Under the Act (1), Employees Provident Funds Act 1952 - Section 1 - Applicability (1), Employees Provident Funds Act 1952 - Section 7A - Determination of Moneys Due from Employers (1), Employees State Insurance Act 1948 - Purpose and Scope (1), Employees State Insurance Act 1948 - Section 38 - All Employees to be Insured (1), Equal Remuneration Act 1976 - Section 4 - Equal Pay for Equal Work (1), Essential Services Maintenance Act 1981 - Purpose and Effect (1), Factories Act 1948 - Chapter III - Health Provisions (1), Factories Act 1948 - Section 2(m) - Definition of Factory (1), Factories Act 1948 - Section 51 to 56 - Working Hours (1), Factories Act 1948 - Section 59 - Overtime Wages (1), Factories Act 1948 - Section 67 - Prohibition of Employment of Young Children (1), Factories Act 1948 - Section 79 - Annual Leave with Wages (1), Factories Act 1948 - Section 87 - Prohibition of Employment in Dangerous Operations (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - A. Sundarambal Case - Teachers as Workmen (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Air India v Nargesh Meerza Case - Discriminatory Service Conditions (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Chapter VA - Lay-off Compensation under Section 25C (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Chapter VB - Special Provisions for Large Establishments (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Concept of Industrial Adjudication versus Ordinary Civil Adjudication (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Deepali Gundu Surwase Case - Back Wages on Reinstatement (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Dharangadhra Chemical Works - Control and Supervision Test (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Essorpe Mills Case - Domestic Inquiry and Natural Justice (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Fifth Schedule - Unfair Labour Practices by Employers (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Fifth Schedule - Unfair Labour Practices by Workmen and Trade Unions (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Fire Stone Tyre & Rubber Co Case - Continuous Service (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - H.R. Adyanthaya Case - Predominant Nature of Duties Test (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Hindustan Steel Limited v Workmen - Domestic Inquiry Standards (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - J.H. Jadhav Case - Individual vs Industrial Dispute (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Management of Chandramalai Estate - Legality vs Justifiability of Strike (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Municipal Corporation of Delhi v Female Workers (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Punjab Land Development Case - Section 25F Compliance (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 10 - Reference of Disputes (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 11A - Tribunal's Power Regarding Punishment (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 12 - Duties of Conciliation Officers (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 17 - Publication of Reports and Awards (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 18(3) - Binding Nature of Settlement (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 2(cc) - Definition of Lay-off (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 2(j) - Definition of Industry - Bangalore Water Supply Test (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 2(j) - Subsequent Developments - State of UP v Jai Bir Singh (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 2(k) - Definition of Industrial Dispute (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 2(oo) - Definition of Retrenchment (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 2(p) - Definition of Settlement (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 2(q) - Definition of Strike (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 2(ra) - Definition of Negotiating Agent (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 2(ra) - Negotiating Union under the Industrial Relations Code Contrasted with Pre-Existing Position (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 2(ra) and Negotiating Agent - Historical Absence (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 2(s) - Definition of Workman (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 22 - Prohibition of Strikes and Lockouts in Public Utility Services (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 25 - 25S Continuity of Service in Case of Transfer of Undertaking (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 25 - Prohibition of Financial Aid to Illegal Strikes and Lockouts (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 25-O and 25-N - Closure Permission (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 25C - Disqualification from Lay-off Compensation (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 25FFF - Compensation in Case of Closure (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 25H - Re-employment of Retrenched Workmen (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 25J - Effect of Laws Inconsistent with the Act (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 25M - Restriction on Lay-off in Establishments Covered by Chapter VB (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 25N - Conditions Precedent to Retrenchment in Chapter VB Establishments (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 25T and 25U - Unfair Labour Practices (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 2A - Individual Dispute Deemed Industrial Dispute (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 31 - Penalty for Illegal Strikes and Lockouts (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 33 - Conditions of Service During Pendency of Proceedings (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 33A - Special Provision for Adjudication of Complaints Regarding Contravention of Section 33 (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 33C - Recovery of Money Due from Employer (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 36 - Representation of Parties (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 9A - Notice of Change (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Section 9C - Grievance Redressal Machinery (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Syndicate Bank v K Umesh Nayak (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - T.K. Rangarajan Case - No Fundamental Right to Strike (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Uday Narain Pandey Case - Last Come First Go Principle (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Workmen as a Class - Representative Capacity in Industrial Disputes (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Workmen of Dimakuchi Tea Estate Case (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Workmen of Indian Express Newspapers Case - Closure Compensation (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Workmen of Subong Tea Estate Case - Bonus and Customary Practice Distinguished from Statutory Bonus (1), Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Workmen of Sudder Office Cinchona Case - Bonus and Customary Payments (1), Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act 1946 - Applicability (1), Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act 1946 - Model Standing Orders (1), Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act 1946 - Purpose and Scope (1), Industrial Employment Standing Orders Act 1946 - Section 10A - Temporary Application Pending Certification (1), Industrial Relations Code 2020 - Consolidation of Trade Union and Industrial Dispute Legislation (1), Industrial Relations Code 2020 - Definition of Worker - Inclusion of Working Journalists and Sales Promotion Employees (1), Industrial Relations Code 2020 - Fixed Term Employment (1), Industrial Relations Code 2020 - Negotiating Union and Negotiating Council (1), Industrial Relations Code 2020 - Re-Skilling Fund (1), Industrial Relations Code 2020 - Threshold for Government Permission for Retrenchment (1), Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act 1979 - Purpose and Registration Requirement (1), Labour Law - Kahn Freund and Sociological Understanding of Labour Law (1), Labour Law - Overall Significance of the National Commission on Labour Reports (1), Maternity Benefit Act 1961 - Section 11A - Creche Facility (1), Maternity Benefit Act 1961 - Section 12 - Dismissal During Pregnancy (1), Maternity Benefit Act 1961 - Section 3(o) - Eligibility - Qualifying Period (1), Maternity Benefit Act 1961 - Section 4 - Employment of Women During Certain Periods Prohibited (1), Maternity Benefit Act 1961 - Section 5 - Duration of Maternity Benefit (2017 Amendment) (1), Maternity Benefit Act 1961 - Section 5(3) - Commissioning and Adopting Mothers (1), Maternity Benefit Act 1961 - Section 6 - Notice of Claim for Maternity Benefit (1), Mines Act 1952 - Section 2(1)(j) - Definition of Mine (1), Mines Act 1952 - Section 46 - Prohibition of Employment of Persons Below Eighteen Years Underground (1), Mines Act 1952 - Section 7 and 8 - Notice of Opening and Closing of Mines (1), Minimum Wages Act 1948 - Section 3 - Fixation of Minimum Rates of Wages (1), Occupational Safety Health and Working Conditions Code 2020 - Consolidation (1), Occupational Safety Health and Working Conditions Code 2020 - Threshold for Factory Coverage (1), Payment of Bonus Act 1965 - Section 10 and 11 - Minimum and Maximum Bonus (1), Payment of Bonus Act 1965 - Section 32 - Establishments Excluded from the Act (1), Payment of Bonus Act 1965 - Section 8 - Eligibility for Bonus (1), Payment of Gratuity Act 1972 - Calculation of Gratuity Amount (1), Payment of Gratuity Act 1972 - Section 4 - Eligibility for Gratuity (1), Payment of Gratuity Act 1972 - Section 4(6) - Forfeiture of Gratuity (1), Payment of Wages Act 1936 - Section 1 - Applicability (1), Payment of Wages Act 1936 - Section 5 - Time of Payment of Wages (1), Payment of Wages Act 1936 - Section 7 - Authorised Deductions (1), Plantation Labour Act 1951 - Section 2(f) - Definition of Plantation (1), Plantation Labour Act 1951 - Welfare Provisions - Housing and Medical Facilities (1), Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act 2013 - Internal Complaints Committee (1), Trade Unions Act 1926 - Food Corporation of India Staff Union Case (1), Trade Unions Act 1926 - In Re Inland Steam Navigation Workers Union Case (1), Trade Unions Act 1926 - R.S. Ruikar Case - Criminal Immunity Applied (1), Trade Unions Act 1926 - Registrar of Trade Unions - Rangaswami Case (1), Trade Unions Act 1926 - Rohtas Industries Staff Union Case (1), Trade Unions Act 1926 - Section 10 - Cancellation of Registration (1), Trade Unions Act 1926 - Section 16 - Trade Union Not to be Unlawful for Purpose of Restraint of Trade (1), Trade Unions Act 1926 - Section 17 - Criminal Conspiracy Immunity (1), Trade Unions Act 1926 - Section 18 - Civil Immunity (1), Trade Unions Act 1926 - Section 2(h) - Definition of Trade Union (1), Trade Unions Act 1926 - Section 21A - Disqualifications of Office-Bearers (1), Trade Unions Act 1926 - Section 22 - Proportion of Office-Bearers to be Connected with the Industry (1), Trade Unions Act 1926 - Section 4 - Minimum Requirement for Registration (1), Trade Unions Act 1926 - Section 6 - Provisions to be Contained in Rules of a Trade Union (1), Trade Unions Act 1926 - Section 9A - Rules to Provide for Objects on Which General Funds May Be Spent (1), Trade Unions Act 1926 - Tamil Nadu Non-Gazetted Government Officers Union Case (1), Unorganised Workers Social Security Act 2008 - Scope and Purpose (1)

## Judiciary: Law of Contract

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/judiciary/law-of-contract

200 questions across 20 topics. Practice judiciary exam MCQs with answers and explanations across substantive law, procedure, evidence, constitutional law, and state judicial service subjects.

Topic coverage: Agency (11), Bailment & Pledge (7), Capacity to Contract (9), Complex Agency (10), Complex Damages and Remedies (11), Consideration (11), Consumer and Competition Law Intersections (9), Contingent Contracts (9), E-Contracts and Modern Developments (9), Free Consent (13), Indemnity & Guarantee (9), Multi-party Complex Contracts (9), Nature & Formation (10), Performance & Discharge (14), Performance and Special Discharge (11), Quasi-Contracts (9), Sale of Goods Act (14), Specific Relief (7), Specific Relief Advanced (9), Void Agreements (9)

## Judiciary: Law of Crimes II (BNSS-CrPC)

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/judiciary/law-of-crimes-ii-bnss-crpc

275 questions across 33 topics. Practice judiciary exam MCQs with answers and explanations across substantive law, procedure, evidence, constitutional law, and state judicial service subjects.

Topic coverage: Anticipatory Bail (10), Arrest, Search, Seizure and Remand (11), Bail in Bailable and Non-Bailable Offences (10), Bail, Bonds and Liberty (8), Bail, Cancellation, and Post-Charge-Sheet Liberty (5), BNSS Foundations and Court Structure (7), BNSS Mixed Practice (8), BNSS Reforms and Contemporary Criminal Procedure (10), Compounding, Quashing and Revision (3), Default Bail (10), Default Bail and Timing Traps (5), FIR and Early Recording (5), FIR and Registration (10), FIR, Investigation and Police Reports (12), Inherent Powers and Compounding (10), Initiation of Criminal Process (10), Investigation (10), Investigation and Police Statements (5), Lalita Kumari and Preliminary Inquiry (10), Lalita Kumari and Threshold Scrutiny (5), Magistrate Stage Nuances (5), Magistrate-Ordered Investigation (10), Notice Before Arrest and Arrest Safeguards (5), Quashing and Settlement (5), Remand and Custody (15), Rights of the Accused (10), Search, Seizure, and Digital Process (5), Search, Seizure, and Related Powers (10), Technology and Contemporary BNSS Reforms (2), Trial Process (10), Trial, Charges and Court Procedure (14), Victim Rights, Witnesses and Sentencing (10), Victim Rights, Witnesses, and Fair Trial (10)

## Judiciary: Law of Torts

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/judiciary/law-of-torts

175 questions across 19 topics. Practice judiciary exam MCQs with answers and explanations across substantive law, procedure, evidence, constitutional law, and state judicial service subjects.

Topic coverage: Assault and Battery (10), Contributory and Composite Negligence (10), Defamation (10), Defamation Defences (10), False Imprisonment (10), General Defences (10), Legal Damage and Maxims (10), Malicious Prosecution (10), Miscellaneous Economic and Personal Torts (5), Nature and Scope of Tort (10), Negligence (20), Nuisance (10), Occupier's Liability (5), Remedies and Damages (5), State Liability (5), Strict and Absolute Liability (10), Trespass to Goods (5), Trespass to Land (10), Vicarious Liability (10)

## Judiciary: Sale of Goods Act

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/judiciary/sale-of-goods-act

220 questions across 37 topics. Practice judiciary exam MCQs with answers and explanations across substantive law, procedure, evidence, constitutional law, and state judicial service subjects.

Topic coverage: Acceptance (1), Acceptance and Rejection (4), Approval and Return (2), Auction Sale (2), Buyer and Seller Remedies (6), Buyer’s Remedies (2), Carrier and Examination (4), Caveat Emptor (4), Condition Treated as Warranty (4), Conditions and Warranties (22), Delivery to Carrier (2), Fitness and Quality (4), Formation of Contract of Sale (4), Goods and Classification (4), Implied Terms (7), Nature and Scope (10), Passing of Property (4), Performance and Delivery (20), Preliminary and Scope (4), Price and Valuation (4), Quantity and Instalments (4), Remedies and Auction (1), Reservation of Disposal (2), Rules for Specific Goods (4), Sale and Agreement to Sell (4), Sale by Description and Sample (4), Seller or Buyer in Possession (4), Seller’s Remedies (3), Stoppage and Resale (3), Title of Buyer (6), Title to Goods (6), Transactions Similar to Sale (4), Transfer of Property (18), Transfer of Risk (2), Transfer of Title (8), Unascertained Goods (4), Unpaid Seller (29)

## Judiciary: Tax Law

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/judiciary/tax-law

120 questions across 120 topics. Practice judiciary exam MCQs with answers and explanations across substantive law, procedure, evidence, constitutional law, and state judicial service subjects.

Topic coverage: CGST Act 2017 - Anti-Profiteering: Section 171 (1), CGST Act 2017 - Appeals: GST Appellate Authority (1), CGST Act 2017 - Blocked Credits: Section 17(5) (1), CGST Act 2017 - Constitutional Basis: Article 246A (1), CGST Act 2017 - Definition of Supply: Section 7 (1), CGST Act 2017 - Demand and Recovery: Section 73 vs 74 (1), CGST Act 2017 - Dual GST: CGST, SGST, IGST (1), CGST Act 2017 - E-Way Bill (1), CGST Act 2017 - GST Amendments 2024 (1), CGST Act 2017 - GST Audit: Section 65 and 66 (1), CGST Act 2017 - GST Composition Scheme: Section 10 (1), CGST Act 2017 - GST Council and Cooperative Federalism (1), CGST Act 2017 - GST on Financial Services (1), CGST Act 2017 - GST on Online Gaming (1), CGST Act 2017 - GST on Real Estate (1), CGST Act 2017 - GST Registration Threshold (1), CGST Act 2017 - GST Returns: GSTR-1 and GSTR-3B (1), CGST Act 2017 - Input Tax Credit: Key Conditions (1), CGST Act 2017 - Reverse Charge Mechanism (1), CGST Act 2017 - Valuation: Section 15 (1), CGST Act 2017 - Zero Rated Supply and Export (1), Customs Act 1962 - Anti-Dumping Duty (1), Customs Act 1962 - Basic Customs Duty (1), Customs Act 1962 - Section 14 Valuation (1), Income Tax - Tax Rates: New Regime Slabs (FY 2025-26 / AY 2026-27) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Advance Tax: Interest Consequences (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Appeals Structure (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Business Deduction: Section 43B Certain Payments (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Business Expenditure: Section 37(1) General Deduction (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Business Expenditure: Section 40A(3) Cash Payments (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Business Income: Section 28 Charging (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Business Income: Section 28(ii)(e) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Business: Books of Account (Section 44AA) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Business: GAAR (Sections 95-102) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Business: Goodwill Depreciation (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Business: Section 40(a) Payments to Non-Residents (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Business: Section 44AB Tax Audit (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Business: Section 44AD Presumptive Taxation (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Business: Set-Off and Carry Forward of Losses (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Business: Transfer Pricing Section 92 (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Business: VDA Taxation (Section 115BBH) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Capital Gains: Computation (Section 50C) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Capital Gains: Computation of LTCG on Shares (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Capital Gains: Cost of Acquisition (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Capital Gains: Exemptions (Section 54) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Capital Gains: Indexation (Section 48) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Capital Gains: Section 10(38) and Section 112A (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Capital Gains: Section 45 Charging (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Capital Gains: Section 45(5) Compulsory Acquisition (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Capital Gains: Section 47 Non-Transfer Transactions (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Capital Gains: Section 50 Depreciable Assets (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Capital Gains: Section 54EC Bonds (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Capital Gains: Section 54F (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Capital Gains: Section 56(2)(x) Gift Tax (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Capital Gains: STCG vs LTCG Period (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Capital vs Revenue Expenditure: Test (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Cess: Nature and Constitutional Basis (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Charitable Trusts: Section 12AB (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Constitutional Basis: Article 265 (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Deductions from Salary: Section 16 (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Deductions: Section 80C (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Deductions: Section 80CCD NPS (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Deductions: Section 80D Health Insurance (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Deductions: Section 80G Donations (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Definition of Income: Section 2(24) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Definition of Salary: Section 17(1) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Depreciation: Section 32 (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Distribution of Tax Revenue: Article 270 (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - DTAA: Section 90 (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Faceless Assessment: Section 144B (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Finance Act and Assessment Year (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Gratuity Exemption: Section 10(10) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Heads of Income: Section 14 (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - House Property vs Business Income: Chennai Properties (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - House Property vs Business Income: Raj Dadarkar Test (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - House Property: Annual Value (Section 23) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - House Property: Co-ownership (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - House Property: Composite Rent (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - House Property: Deductions (Section 24) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - House Property: Interest on Housing Loan and Section 80EEA (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - House Property: Notional Rent on Second Property (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - House Property: Owner as Assessee (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - House Property: Section 10(20) and Local Authorities (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - House Property: Section 22 Charging Provision (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - House Property: Self-Occupied Property (Section 23(2)) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - House Property: Set-Off of Loss (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - HRA Exemption: Section 10(13A) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Income Tax Bill 2025 (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Leave Encashment: Section 10(10AA) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Leave Travel Allowance: Section 10(5) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Legislative Competence: Article 246 and Schedule VII (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - MPs and MLAs: Salary or Other Sources (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Other Sources: Income from Online Gaming (Section 115BBJ) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Other Sources: Interest Income (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Other Sources: Lottery Winnings (Section 115BB) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Other Sources: Section 56(2)(ib) Dividends (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Other Sources: Unexplained Cash Credits (Section 68) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Penalty: Section 270A (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Pension: Taxability (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Perquisites: Section 17(2) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Previous Year and Assessment Year (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Profits in Lieu of Salary: Section 17(3) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Provident Fund Taxation (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Reassessment: Section 147-148 (Post Finance Act 2021) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Residential Status: Section 5 and Section 6 (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Residential Status: Section 6 (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Return of Income: Section 139 (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Salaries: Employer-Employee Relationship (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Salaries: Section 15 Charging Provision (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Salary: New Tax Regime vs Old Tax Regime (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Salary: Valuation of Perquisite (Rent-Free Accommodation) (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Search and Seizure: Section 132 (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Section 115BAC New Tax Regime (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Section 143(1) Intimation vs Scrutiny (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Section 80C Investments (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Surcharge: Article 271 (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Tax Evasion: Section 276C (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - Tax vs. Fee vs. Cess: Deewan Chand Builders (1), Income Tax Act 1961 - TDS Defaults: Section 201 (1), Tax Law - Integration: GST vs Income Tax (1)

## Judiciary: Transfer of Property Act

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/judiciary/transfer-of-property-act

170 questions across 86 topics. Practice judiciary exam MCQs with answers and explanations across substantive law, procedure, evidence, constitutional law, and state judicial service subjects.

Topic coverage: Actionable Claims - Section 130 (2), Attestation (14), Benami Transactions (1), Comprehensive (2), Comprehensive - Priority (1), Comprehensive Review (1), Contingent Interest - Section 21 (1), Doctrine of Fixtures (2), Equity of Redemption - Section 60 (4), Exchange - Section 118 (1), General Principles (3), General Principles - Section 6 (1), General Provisions (1), Gift - Multiple Donees (1), Gift - Section 122 (1), Gift - Section 123 (1), Gift - Section 126 (2), Gift - Undue Influence (2), Immovable Property (16), Kempraj - Lease Renewal and Perpetuity (1), Lease - Forfeiture (1), Lease - General (1), Lease - Rights (1), Lease - Section 105 (2), Lease - Section 108 (3), Lease - Section 111 (1), Lease - Section 116 (1), Lease - Section 116 Holding Over (1), Lis Pendens (1), Lis Pendens - Collusive Suit (1), Lis Pendens - G.T. Girish 2022 (1), Lis Pendens - Section 52 (4), Mortgage (2), Mortgage - English Mortgage Title (1), Mortgage - Limitation for Redemption (1), Mortgage - Redemption (1), Mortgage - Section 58 (6), Mortgage - Types (2), Notice (13), Notice - Agent Fraud Exception (1), Ostensible Owner - Section 41 (2), Priority - Section 48 (1), Ram Baran Prasad - Perpetuity and Contracts (1), Ram Newaz v Nankoo - Sections 13 and 14 (1), Rule Against Perpetuity - Section 14 (1), Sale - Section 54 (2), Sale - Section 55 Rights (2), Sale vs Agreement to Sell (1), Section 10 - Exception for Married Woman (1), Section 10 - Restraint on Alienation (4), Section 11 - Exception for Adjacent Land (1), Section 11 - Restriction on Enjoyment (1), Section 14 - Rule Against Perpetuity (1), Section 15 - Class Gifts and Perpetuity (1), Section 16 - Transfer After Void Interest (1), Section 17 - Accumulation (1), Section 19 - Voidable Transfers (1), Section 2 - Exemptions (1), Section 20 - Vesting at Birth (1), Section 22 - Class Gifts Partial Validity (1), Section 23 - Transfer on Uncertain Event (1), Section 24 - Joint Tenancy and Survivorship (1), Section 27 - BFP Without Notice (1), Section 4 - Supplemental Principles (1), Section 40 - Restrictive Covenants (1), Section 43 - BFP Proviso (1), Section 43 - Feeding the Estoppel (6), Section 51 - Improvements by Bona Fide Holder (1), Section 52 - Lis Pendens (1), Section 53 - Fraudulent Transfer (1), Section 53A - Oral Agreement (1), Section 53A - Part Performance (7), Section 53A - Willingness to Perform (1), Section 55 Seller Duties Advanced (1), Section 6(b) - Easements Not Separately Transferable (1), Section 6(e) - Mere Right to Sue (1), Section 7 - Capacity to Transfer (1), Section 8 - What Passes on Transfer (1), Spes Successionis and Section 43 (2), Transfer for Unborn Persons - Section 13 (1), Transfer of Property - Application (1), Transfer of Property - Section 5 (4), Tulk v. Moxhay - Covenant (1), Vested Interest (1), Vested Interest - Section 19 (1), Vested/Contingent Interest (1)

## CLAT UG: English Language

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/clat-ug/english-language

310 questions across 60 topics. Practice passage-based CLAT UG questions with answers for English, current affairs, legal reasoning, logical reasoning, and quantitative techniques.

Topic coverage: Adaptive Reuse of Old Buildings (5), Authenticity in Building Restoration (5), Benches and the Design of Rest (5), Checklists and Professional Judgment (5), Cinema and Shared Attention (5), Community Kitchens and Reciprocity (5), Convenience and the Loss of Skill (5), Corrections and Trust in Public Records (5), Defaults and Meaningful Choice (5), Definitions and Productive Disagreement (5), Digitising Archives Without Losing Context (5), Expert Consensus and Honest Dissent (5), Expertise and Plain Language (5), Footnotes and Intellectual Honesty (5), Imitation and Originality in Art (5), Labels and Changing Categories (5), Listening and Historical Silence (5), Lost Objects and Public Stories (5), Manual Skills and Digital Convenience (5), Maps and Public Knowledge (5), Maps and the Appearance of Objectivity (5), Maps of Distance and Travel Time (5), Marginal Notes and Active Reading (5), Margins and the History of Reading (5), Memory, Archives, and Historical Evidence (5), Metrics and Classroom Participation (5), Missing Data and Honest Conclusions (5), Museum Lighting and Care (5), Names, Pronunciation, and Belonging (5), Photographs as Historical Evidence (5), Public Apologies and Institutional Memory (5), Public Clocks and Shared Time (5), Public Dashboards and Legibility (5), Public Notices and Actionable Clarity (5), Public Space and Urban Belonging (5), Queues and Everyday Fairness (5), Quiet Rooms and Productive Attention (5), Rankings and the Illusion of Exact Order (5), Readable Law and Necessary Precision (5), Reading Aloud and Textual Attention (5), Reading and Productive Difficulty (5), Recipes, Measurement, and Judgment (5), Reconstructing Lost Performances (5), Recording Endangered Languages (5), Repair and Public Memory (5), Repair, Memory, and Material History (5), Repair, Ownership and Product Design (5), Restoration and Honest Repair (5), Revision and the Value of Delay (5), Scientific Models and Useful Simplification (10), Seeds and Shared Memory (5), Silence in Public Memorials (5), Small Errors and Scientific Credibility (5), Speed, Technology, and Public Judgment (5), Standardised Tests as Proxies (5), Translation and Meaning (10), Urban Sound and Public Memory (5), Urban Trees and Public Maintenance (5), Waiting as Public Infrastructure (5), Weather Diaries and Ordinary Evidence (5)

## CLAT UG: Current Affairs including General Knowledge

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/clat-ug/current-affairs-including-general-knowledge

310 questions across 61 topics. Practice passage-based CLAT UG questions with answers for English, current affairs, legal reasoning, logical reasoning, and quantitative techniques.

Topic coverage: 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (5), 38th National Games of India (5), 76th Republic Day Celebrations (5), Axiom-4 and Indian Human Spaceflight (5), BBNJ Agreement (5), Bharat Forecasting System 2025 (5), BharatGen Multilingual AI (5), BRICS Rio Summit 2025 (5), Chenab Rail Bridge and USBRL (5), COP29 and Climate Finance (5), COP30 and the Belem Package (5), Digital Personal Data Protection Rules 2025 (5), Economic Sciences Prize 2025 (5), Expo 2025 Osaka Kansai (5), G20 Johannesburg Summit 2025 (5), GenomeIndia Data (5), Gyan Bharatam Mission (5), ICC Champions Trophy 2025 (5), ICJ Climate Advisory Opinion (5), Income-tax Act 2025 (5), India Sovereign Rating Upgrade 2025 (5), India-EFTA TEPA (5), India-UK CETA 2025 (5), IndiaAI Mission (5), International Big Cat Alliance (5), International Booker Prize 2025 (5), International Day of Yoga 2025 (5), International Year of Glaciers Preservation (5), International Year of Quantum Science and Technology (5), ISRO SpaDeX Mission (10), Khelo Bharat Niti 2025 (5), Khelo India Youth Games 2025 (5), Madhav Tiger Reserve (5), Maha Kumbh 2025 (5), Maratha Military Landscapes and UNESCO (5), Maratha Military Landscapes UNESCO Inscription (5), NASA-ISRO NISAR Mission (5), National Critical Mineral Mission (5), National Manufacturing Mission (5), National Sports Governance Act 2025 (5), National Turmeric Board (5), Naval Tri-Commissioning 2025 (5), New Pamban Bridge (5), Nobel Peace Prize 2025 (5), Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2025 (5), Nobel Prize in Literature 2025 (5), Nobel Prize in Physics 2025 (5), One Nation One Subscription (5), Operation Brahma (5), Ramsar Convention COP15 (5), Ramsar Wetland City Accreditation 2025 (5), RBI Monetary Policy June 2025 (5), Sixth BIMSTEC Summit 2025 (5), South Africa G20 Presidency (5), SpaDeX Mission Milestones 2025 (5), Timor-Leste Joins ASEAN (5), UNESCO Memory of the World Register 2025 (5), Union Budget 2025-26 (5), United Nations Ocean Conference 2025 (5), WAVES 2025 (5), WHO Pandemic Agreement (5)

## CLAT UG: Legal Reasoning

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/clat-ug/legal-reasoning

310 questions across 61 topics. Practice passage-based CLAT UG questions with answers for English, current affairs, legal reasoning, logical reasoning, and quantitative techniques.

Topic coverage: Agency and Authority (10), Agreements in Restraint of Trade (5), Anticipatory Breach of Contract (5), Appropriation of Payments (5), Assault and Battery (5), Assignment of Contractual Rights (5), Authority of an Agent and Ratification (5), Bailment and Duty of Care (5), Breach of Condition and Warranty (5), Caveat Emptor and Quality of Goods (5), Coercion in Contracts (5), Communication and Revocation of Proposals (5), Contingent Contracts (5), Contract of Guarantee and Surety (5), Contract of Indemnity (5), Contractual Misrepresentation (5), Contributory Negligence and Apportionment (5), Defamation and Defences (5), Defamation and Responsible Publication (5), Doctrine of Election in Property Transfers (5), Doctrine of Part Performance (5), False Imprisonment (5), Fraud and Contractual Consent (5), Frustration of Contract (5), Fundamental Rights and Proportionality (5), Guarantee Obtained by Misrepresentation (5), Informed Consent to Medical Treatment (5), Intervening Acts and Causation (5), Joint Promisors and Contribution (5), Malicious Prosecution (5), Mistake and Restitution (5), Necessaries Supplied to an Incapable Person (5), Negligence and Standard of Care (5), Non-Gratuitous Acts and Restitution (5), Novation and Alteration of Contract (5), Occupier Liability to Visitors (5), Offer, Acceptance, and Revocation (5), Pledge and Rights of the Pawnee (5), Preparation and Criminal Attempt (5), Private Defence of the Person (5), Private Necessity and Property Damage (5), Privity and Third-Party Rights (5), Promissory Estoppel and Public Interest (5), Public Nuisance and Special Damage (5), Remission and Waiver of Contractual Performance (5), Remoteness of Contractual Damages (5), Res Ipsa Loquitur (5), Right of Private Defence (5), Rights and Duties of a Finder of Goods (5), Rights of an Unpaid Seller (5), Sale and Agreement to Sell (5), Sale by a Non-Owner (5), Sale by Sample and Description (5), Stipulated Damages and Reasonable Compensation (5), Strict Liability and Escape (5), Time as the Essence of Contract (5), Trespass to Goods and Conversion (5), Trespass to Land and Necessity (5), Undue Influence in Contracts (5), Unlawful Object and Severability (5), Vicarious Liability (5)

## CLAT UG: Logical Reasoning

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/clat-ug/logical-reasoning

310 questions across 62 topics. Practice passage-based CLAT UG questions with answers for English, current affairs, legal reasoning, logical reasoning, and quantitative techniques.

Topic coverage: AI Summaries and Source Reading (5), AI Translation and Error Rates (5), Air Quality Alerts and Public Behaviour (5), Algorithmic Hiring and Past Data (5), Carbon Labels and Consumer Decisions (5), Carbon Offsets and Additionality (5), Cashless Buses and Boarding Time (5), Citizen Science and Data Quality (5), Classroom Cameras and Evidence (5), Congestion Pricing and Urban Mobility (5), Court Disposal Statistics (5), Extended Library Hours (5), Extended Library Hours and Borrowing (5), Facial Recognition and Base Rates (5), Facial Recognition and Public Evidence (5), Fare-Free Public Transport (5), Flood Maps and Property Risk (5), Flood Sirens and False Alarms (5), Food Labels and Consumer Choice (5), Food Labels and Consumer Understanding (5), Four-Day School Week Evidence (5), Four-Day Workweek Evidence (5), Free Bus Fares and Ridership Evidence (5), Heat Action Plans and Evidence (5), Heatwave Cooling Centres (5), Hospital Wait-Time Targets (5), Hospital Waiting-Time Targets (5), Local Food Procurement in Schools (5), Museum Repatriation and Digital Copies (5), Noise Sensors and Complaint Data (5), Open-Book Examinations and Learning (5), Plagiarism Detectors and False Positives (5), Police Body Cameras and Complaint Rates (5), Predictive Maintenance for Water Pipes (5), Predictive Policing and Feedback Loops (5), Predictive Policing and Historical Data (5), Public Art Surveys and Selection Bias (5), Public Defender Caseload Statistics (5), Public Libraries and Digital Access (5), Public Wi-Fi and Digital Access (5), Rainfall Forecasts and Probability (5), Recorded Lectures and Learning Outcomes (5), Recycling Bins and Waste Reduction (5), Remote Work and Office Productivity (5), Repairability and Consumer Choice (5), Reusable Packaging Deposits (5), River Cleanup and Downstream Waste (5), Road Repair Complaints and Access (5), School Breakfast and Attendance Evidence (5), School Devices and Learning Evidence (5), School Rankings and Attendance (5), School Start Times and Evidence (5), Street Lighting and Night Accidents (5), Textbook Downloads and Learning (5), Tree Planting and Urban Temperature Claims (5), University Rankings and Measurement (5), Urban Tree Planting and Survival (5), Video Hearings and Case Disposal (5), Water Meters and Household Consumption (5), Water Pricing and Essential Access (5), Wellness Apps and Sick Leave (5), Wetland Tourism and Visitor Counts (5)

## CLAT UG: Quantitative Techniques

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/clat-ug/quantitative-techniques

310 questions across 62 topics. Practice passage-based CLAT UG questions with answers for English, current affairs, legal reasoning, logical reasoning, and quantitative techniques.

Topic coverage: ASEAN Integration Projects (5), Bank Lending Targets (5), Bicycle Sharing Data (5), Book Fair Sales (5), Book Fair Ticket Revenue (5), Bus Routes and Occupancy (5), Civic Survey Participation (5), Community Clinic Visits (5), Community Health Camps (5), Community Radio Reach (5), Conference Registration Data (5), Cooperative Deposit Mobilisation (5), Cooperative Loan Repayment (5), Cooperative Produce Sales (5), Cost, Output, and Data Interpretation (5), Court Mediation Outcomes (5), Cyclone Shelter Capacity (5), Disaster Relief Kit Distribution (5), District Education Budget (5), Emergency Medical Supplies (5), Export Order Completion (5), Flood Relief Kit Distribution (5), Food Distribution Centres (5), Forest Patrol Coverage (5), G20 Climate Grant Use (5), Household Electricity Use (5), Household Waste Segregation (5), Independent Publisher Sales (5), Irrigation Water Use (5), Journal Access Uptake (5), Language Dataset Allocation (5), Legal Aid Case Disposal (5), Legal Aid Clinic Cases (5), Library Workshops (5), Manuscript Digitisation Centres (5), Metro Passenger Revenue (5), Museum Ticket Data (5), Naval Training Completion (5), Online Course Completion (5), Percentages, Ratios, and Averages (5), Production and Defect Rates (5), Rail Freight Delivery (5), Rail Passenger Data (5), Rainwater Harvesting Data (5), Renewable Energy Output (5), Research Grant Utilisation (5), Reservoir Data and Percentages (5), Sales, Costs, and Profit (5), Scholarship Applications and Awards (5), Scholarship Fund Allocation (5), Scholarships and Averages (5), Solar Installations (5), Solar Plant Generation (5), Sports Academy Training Hours (5), Sports Facility Usage (5), Sports Grant Utilisation (5), Tax Helpdesk Resolution (5), Training Programme Completion (5), Voter Turnout and Percentages (5), Warehouse Storage Use (5), Wetland Restoration Budget (5), Youth Sports Participation (5)

## CLAT PG: Administrative Law

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/clat-pg/administrative-law

100 questions across 20 topics. Revise core LLB subjects through CLAT PG MCQs, passage-led questions, answer keys, explanations, statutes, and exam-oriented legal principles.

Topic coverage: Administrative Discretion and its Abuse (5), Administrative Tribunals (5), Certiorari and Ultra Vires Doctrine (5), Control of Delegated Legislation - Parliamentary and Judicial (5), Delegated Legislation - Nature and Validity (5), Doctrine of Legitimate Expectation in Government Contracts (5), Doctrine of Promissory Estoppel (5), Doctrine of Proportionality in Administrative Law (5), Doctrine of Separation of Powers in Administrative Context (5), Judicial Review of Administrative Action - Grounds (5), Legitimate Expectation (5), Natural Justice - Audi Alteram Partem (5), Natural Justice - Rule Against Bias (5), Nature and Scope of Administrative Law (5), Ombudsman - Lokpal and Lokayukta (5), Principles of Natural Justice - Fairness in Public Law (5), Quasi-Judicial Functions and Duty to Give Reasons (5), Right to Information and Transparency (5), Rule of Law - Dicey and Indian Constitution (5), Tortious Liability of the State (5)

## CLAT PG: ADR and Arbitration

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/clat-pg/adr-and-arbitration

20 questions across 4 topics. Revise core LLB subjects through CLAT PG MCQs, passage-led questions, answer keys, explanations, statutes, and exam-oriented legal principles.

Topic coverage: Arbitration Act Fundamentals (5), Lok Adalat and Gram Nyayalayas (5), Mediation Act and Commercial Mediation (5), Sectoral ADR (5)

## CLAT PG: BSA

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/clat-pg/bsa

70 questions across 14 topics. Revise core LLB subjects through CLAT PG MCQs, passage-led questions, answer keys, explanations, statutes, and exam-oriented legal principles.

Topic coverage: Accomplice Evidence - Section 138 BSA 2023 (5), Burden of Proof - Sections 104-108 BSA 2023 (5), Burden of Proof and Special Presumptions - Sections 104-120 BSA 2023 (5), Confession and Discovery of Facts - Sections 22-25 BSA and Key Cases (5), Confessions and Discovery of Facts - Sections 22-25 BSA (5), Dying Declaration - Section 26(1) BSA 2023 (5), Electronic Evidence - Sections 57, 63 BSA and Certificate Requirement (5), Estoppel - Sections 121-123 BSA 2023 and Promissory Estoppel (5), Introduction to BSA 2023 - Key Changes from IEA 1872 (5), Oral Evidence and Exclusion by Documentary Evidence - Sections 50, 94-95 BSA (5), Presumptions under BSA 2023 - Sections 115-120 (5), Privilege under BSA 2023 - Professional Communications and State Privilege (5), Relevancy vs Admissibility and Res Gestae - Sections 3, 6-8 BSA 2023 (5), Witnesses - Hostile Witness, Accomplice, Single Witness - Sections 138, 157, 139 BSA 2023 (5)

## CLAT PG: Code of Civil Procedure 1908

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/clat-pg/code-of-civil-procedure-1908

45 questions across 9 topics. Revise core LLB subjects through CLAT PG MCQs, passage-led questions, answer keys, explanations, statutes, and exam-oriented legal principles.

Topic coverage: Appearance, Ex Parte Proceedings and Restoration (2), Civil Procedure Mixed Practice (8), Commercial Courts and Case Management (3), Execution of Decrees (3), Interim Relief and Supplemental Proceedings (1), Judgment, Appeals, Review and Revision (3), Jurisdiction, Res Judicata and Place of Suing (21), Parties, Pleadings, Plaint and Written Statement (3), Settlement, ADR and Compromise (1)

## CLAT PG: Constitutional Law

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/clat-pg/constitutional-law

100 questions across 20 topics. Revise core LLB subjects through CLAT PG MCQs, passage-led questions, answer keys, explanations, statutes, and exam-oriented legal principles.

Topic coverage: Anti-Defection Law - Tenth Schedule (5), Article 14 - Right to Equality (5), Article 19 - Freedom of Speech and Expression (5), Article 21 and Maneka Gandhi (5), Basic Structure Doctrine (5), Constitutional Amendments - Article 368 (5), Directive Principles of State Policy (5), Doctrine of Pith and Substance - Federalism (5), Freedom of Religion - Articles 25-26 and Essential Practices (5), Judicial Independence and Collegium System (5), Parliamentary Privileges - Article 105 (5), Preamble and Constitutional Vision (5), President's Rule - Article 356 and S.R. Bommai (5), Reservation - Article 16 and Indra Sawhney (5), Reservation - Indra Sawhney v. Union of India (Mandal Case) (5), Right to Privacy - Article 21 and Technology (5), Right to Privacy - Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017) (5), Secularism in the Indian Constitution (5), Separation of Powers and Judicial Independence (5), Writs and Article 32 - Constitutional Remedies (5)

## CLAT PG: Criminal Law (BNS 2023)

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/clat-pg/criminal-law-bns-2023

85 questions across 17 topics. Revise core LLB subjects through CLAT PG MCQs, passage-led questions, answer keys, explanations, statutes, and exam-oriented legal principles.

Topic coverage: Abetment, Common Intention and Joint Liability (5), Criminal Conspiracy under BNS 2023 (5), Criminal Law Reform: Constitutional Rights, DK Basu, and BNSS 2023 (5), Dacoity, Robbery, and Organised Crime under BNS 2023 (5), Death Penalty - Rarest of Rare Doctrine and Mitigating Circumstances (5), General Exception: Unsoundness of Mind (Section 22 BNS) (5), Introduction to BNS 2023 and Key Changes from IPC (5), Kidnapping and Abduction under BNS 2023 (5), Mens Rea and Strict Liability in Criminal Law (5), Murder and Culpable Homicide: The Distinction (5), New BNS Offences: Section 69 and Section 103(2) - Deceitful Sex and Mob Lynching (5), New Offences in BNS: Organised Crime, Mob Lynching, and Terrorism (5), Rape Law and Section 63 BNS: Consent and the IPC to BNS Evolution (5), Right of Private Defence under BNS 2023 (5), Section 63 BNS: Rape and Consent (5), Theft and Property Offences under BNS 2023 (5), Wrongful Restraint, Confinement and Kidnapping (5)

## CLAT PG: Environmental Law

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/clat-pg/environmental-law

50 questions across 10 topics. Revise core LLB subjects through CLAT PG MCQs, passage-led questions, answer keys, explanations, statutes, and exam-oriented legal principles.

Topic coverage: Climate Change and Environmental Justice (5), Coastal and Wetland Regulation (5), Constitutional Environmentalism (5), Environmental Clearance and EIA (5), Environmental Principles (5), Forest, Wildlife and Biodiversity (5), Hazardous Industries and Liability (5), National Green Tribunal (5), Pollution Control Statutes (5), Waste and Urban Environment (5)

## CLAT PG: Family Law

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/clat-pg/family-law

75 questions across 31 topics. Revise core LLB subjects through CLAT PG MCQs, passage-led questions, answer keys, explanations, statutes, and exam-oriented legal principles.

Topic coverage: Adoption, Maintenance and Guardianship (5), Comparative Family Law - Personal Law and Constitutional Values (5), Constitutionalisation of Family Law (5), Hindu Joint Family, Coparcenary and Karta (5), Hindu Marriage Act: Validity, Nullity and Divorce (5), Hindu Succession and Gender Equality (5), HMA 1955 - Judicial Separation to Divorce Pathway (1), HMA 1955 - Judicial Separation vs Divorce (1), HMA 1955 - Void Marriage - No Decree Needed (1), HMA 1955 - Void vs Voidable Marriage (1), HMA 1955 - Voidable Marriage - Ratification (1), HSA 1956 - Conflicting Precedents Before Vineeta Sharma (1), HSA 1956 - Daughters Coparcenary Rights Post-2005 (1), HSA 1956 - Mitakshara vs Pre-Amendment System (1), HSA 1956 - Pre-Amendment Position (1), HSA 1956 - Vineeta Sharma - Key Holding (1), Maintenance - Multiple Legal Frameworks (1), Maintenance - PWDVA - Applicability to All Religions (1), Maintenance - Section 125 CrPC - Secular Application (1), Maintenance - Section 18 HAMA - Loss of Right (1), Maintenance - Section 24 HMA - Gender Neutrality (1), Matrimonial Relief, Maintenance and Custody (5), Muslim Divorce - Iddat Purpose and Effect (1), Muslim Divorce - Legislative History (1), Muslim Divorce - Shah Bano and Danial Latifi (1), Muslim Divorce - Triple Talaq - 2019 Act (1), Muslim Divorce - Wife-Initiated Divorce Options (1), Muslim Marriage, Dower and Divorce (5), Muslim Succession, Wills and Gifts (5), Partition, Ancestral Property and Blending (5), Special Marriage, Domestic Violence and Family Courts (5)

## CLAT PG: Intellectual Property Rights

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/clat-pg/intellectual-property-rights

80 questions across 80 topics. Revise core LLB subjects through CLAT PG MCQs, passage-led questions, answer keys, explanations, statutes, and exam-oriented legal principles.

Topic coverage: AI and IP - Deepfakes and Consent (1), Competition Act 2002 - Compulsory Licensing and Competition (1), Competition Act 2002 - Essential Facilities Doctrine (1), Competition Act 2002 - IP Licensing Conditions (1), Competition Act 2002 - IP Safe Harbour (1), Competition Act 2002 - Jurisdiction of CCI over IP (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Balance in IP (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Dynamic Injunction (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Dynamic+ Injunction (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Economic vs Moral Rights (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Idea-Expression Dichotomy (1), Copyright Act 1957 - ISPs and Blocking Orders (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Modicum of Creativity Test (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Moral Rights Section 57 (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Originality Standard (1), Copyright Act 1957 - OTT Platforms and Content Protection (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Over-Blocking Concerns (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Performers' Rights Section 38A (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Personality Rights (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Power Imbalance in the Music Industry (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Public Domain (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Section 19(8) and Royalties (1), Copyright Act 1957 - Voice as Personality Right (1), Designs Act 2000 - Duration of Protection (1), Designs Act 2000 - Eye Appeal Test (1), Designs Act 2000 - Policy behind the Fifty-Article Threshold (1), Designs Act 2000 - Public Domain and Competition (1), Designs Act 2000 - Section 15(2) and Copyright Overlap (1), Doha Declaration and TRIPS Flexibilities (1), GI Act - Partial Protection for TCEs (1), GI Act 1999 - Community Right (1), GI Act 1999 - Conflict with Trade Marks (1), GI Act 1999 - Natural Conditions and Replication (1), GI Act 1999 - Nature of GI Rights (1), GI Act 1999 - TRIPS Obligations (1), India's FTA Strategy on IP (1), International IP - Paris Convention and Substantive Harmonisation (1), International IP - Paris Convention Principles (1), International IP - Political Economy of TRIPS (1), International IP - Priority Right Duration (1), International IP - TRIPS Paradigm Shift (1), Patents Act 1970 - Competition Law and SEPs (1), Patents Act 1970 - Compulsory Licensing (1), Patents Act 1970 - FRAND Terms (1), Patents Act 1970 - India's Global Role (1), Patents Act 1970 - Novartis Case and Efficacy (1), Patents Act 1970 - Section 3(d) and Evergreening (1), Patents Act 1970 - SEP Royalties and Technical Contribution (1), Patents Act 1970 - SEPs and FRAND (1), Patents Act 1970 - TRIPS Compliance and Safeguards (1), Patents Act 1970 - Unwilling Licensee (1), Personality Rights - Legislative Gap (1), Personality Rights - Scope and Limits (1), PPVFR Act 2001 - Cumulative Innovation in Breeding (1), PPVFR Act 2001 - Farmers' Rights (1), PPVFR Act 2001 - Section 41 and Bio-Piracy (1), PPVFR Act 2001 - Seed Saving and Corporate Licensing (1), PPVFR Act 2001 - Three Categories of Rights (1), TCE Protection - Sui Generis Framework (1), Trade Marks Act 1999 - Balance of Interests (1), Trade Marks Act 1999 - Distinctiveness (1), Trade Marks Act 1999 - Nature of Registration (1), Trade Marks Act 1999 - Passing Off Trinity (1), Trade Marks Act 1999 - Passing Off vs Registration (1), Trade Marks Act 1999 - Pharmaceutical Passing Off (1), Trade Marks Act 1999 - Secondary Meaning (1), Trade Marks Act 1999 - Section 9 Grounds for Refusal (1), Trade Marks Act 1999 - Special Factors in Pharmaceutical Cases (1), Trade Marks Act 1999 - Trans-Border Reputation (1), Trade Secrets - Employment Contexts and Section 27 (1), Trade Secrets - Nature and TRIPS Obligations (1), Trade Secrets - Patent vs Trade Secret Strategy (1), Trade Secrets - Protection in India without Standalone Statute (1), Trade Secrets - TRIPS Article 39 Requirements (1), Traditional Cultural Expressions - Cultural Extractivism (1), Traditional Cultural Expressions and IP (1), TRIPS Agreement and Indian Patents Act (1), TRIPS Bargain and Developing Countries (1), TRIPS-Plus Provisions and FTAs (1), WIPO IGC and TCE Protection (1)

## CLAT PG: International Law

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/clat-pg/international-law

225 questions across 29 topics. Revise core LLB subjects through CLAT PG MCQs, passage-led questions, answer keys, explanations, statutes, and exam-oriented legal principles.

Topic coverage: Asylum and Extradition (5), Diplomatic Protection and Treatment of Aliens (5), Human Rights and Refugee Protection (5), Human Rights Law (5), Human Rights, Refugee Law, and IHL (5), Immunities (5), Immunities and Diplomatic Law (5), International Court of Justice (5), International Criminal Law (20), International Economic and Environmental Law (5), International Humanitarian Law (10), Jurisdiction (5), Jurisdiction and Immunities (5), Jurisdiction, Extradition, and Asylum (5), Law of the Sea (10), Occupation Law (5), Recent Developments (15), Recognition and Statehood (5), Refugee Law (5), Sources of International Law (20), State Responsibility (10), State Responsibility and Use of Force (5), State Succession and Nationality (5), Statehood and Recognition (10), Treaty Law (20), United Nations (5), United Nations and ICJ (5), United Nations and the ICJ (5), Use of Force (10)

## CLAT PG: Jurisprudence

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/clat-pg/jurisprudence

60 questions across 60 topics. Revise core LLB subjects through CLAT PG MCQs, passage-led questions, answer keys, explanations, statutes, and exam-oriented legal principles.

Topic coverage: Austin's Command Theory - Core Elements (1), Central Question of the Natural Law-Positivism Debate (1), Colourable Legislation - Distinguishing Feature (1), Concession Theory - State's Controlling Role (1), Constructive Possession (1), Denunciation Theory - Distinct Function (1), Departures from Fault-Based Liability - Summary (1), Deterrent Theory - Specific and General Deterrence (1), Deterrent Theory - Underlying Assumption (1), Doctrine of Repugnancy - Resolution Mechanism (1), Dworkin vs Hart on Hard Cases and the Right Answer (1), Dworkin's Critique of Hart - Rules vs Principles (1), Dworkin's View on Open Texture Indeterminacy (1), Ejusdem Generis vs Noscitur a Sociis (1), Elements of Possession - Corpus and Animus (1), Fault-Based Liability - Underlying Conviction (1), Federal Doctrines - Common Purpose (1), Fiction Theory vs Realist Theory (1), Fuller's Inner Morality of Law (1), General Defences - Connecting Rationale (1), Golden Rule - Relationship to Literal Rule (1), Harmonious Construction - Operating Principle (1), Hart-Fuller Debate - Nazi Law (1), Hart's Alternative - Primary and Secondary Rules (1), Hart's Critique - Continuity of Legal Systems (1), Hart's Critique - Power-Conferring Rules (1), Hart's Sophisticated Positivism (1), Hegel's Personality Theory vs Locke's Labour Theory (1), Law as Integrity - Core Idea (1), Legal Personality - Natural vs Artificial Persons (1), Lifting the Corporate Veil - Limitation on Separate Entity Principle (1), Literal Rule - Underlying Justification (1), Locke's Labour Theory - Core Mechanism (1), Mischief Rule - Four-Part Inquiry (1), Modern Criminal Justice - Eclectic Approach (1), Modern Sentencing - Eclectic Balance (1), Natural Law - Lex Injusta Non Est Lex (1), Pith and Substance Doctrine - Core Test (1), Possession vs Mere Custody (1), Possession vs Ownership Distinction (1), Pound's Social Engineering - Core Concept (1), Pound's Three Categories of Interests (1), Practical Implications - Personality Theory and Family Home (1), Preventive Theory - Mechanism Distinguished from Deterrence (1), Preventive Theory - Mechanism of Incapacitation (1), Rationale for Protecting Possession (1), Reformative Theory - Focus on the Offender (1), Reformative Theory - Focus Shift (1), Residuary Powers - India vs United States (1), Retributive Theory - Backward-Looking Justification (1), Rule of Recognition vs Grundnorm (1), Separate Legal Entity Principle - Salomon Principle (1), Social Interests - Pound's Priority (1), Socialization of Law - Pound's Observation (1), Source of Authority for Principles (1), Stages of Legal Development - Maturity of Law (1), Strict and Absolute Liability - Rationale (1), Utilitarian Theory - Basis of Justification (1), Utilitarian Theory and Redistribution (1), Vicarious Liability - Three Justifications (1)

## CLAT PG: Labour Law

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/clat-pg/labour-law

60 questions across 60 topics. Revise core LLB subjects through CLAT PG MCQs, passage-led questions, answer keys, explanations, statutes, and exam-oriented legal principles.

Topic coverage: 2017 Amendment - Duration of Maternity Benefit (1), 2017 Amendment - Key Changes Identified in the Passage (1), A. Sundarambal - Teachers Excluded (1), Aggregator Contribution Mechanism Under the Code on Social Security (1), Bangalore Water Supply - Core Test (1), Broader Trajectory Connecting Both Developments (1), Chandramalai Estate - Independence of the Two Inquiries (1), Code on Wages - Floor Wage Innovation (1), Code on Wages 2019 - Absorption of the Bonus Act (1), Commissioning and Adopting Mothers (1), Common Analytical Thread Across Sector-Specific Statutes (1), Current Status of Bangalore Water Supply Precedent (1), Dharangadhra Chemical Works - Control Test (1), Distinct Legal Questions Addressed by the Two Developments (1), Distinction Based on Number of Surviving Children (1), Dual Threshold for Factory Definition (1), Dual-Ceiling Structure - Eligibility vs Calculation (1), Establishment-Based Model and Its Historical Gap (1), Exceptions Carved Out in Bangalore Water Supply (1), Food Corporation of India Staff Union - Confirmation of the Gap (1), Gig Economy - Failure of Traditional Employment Tests (1), Heightened Age Threshold for Underground Mining (1), Industrial Relations Code - Negotiating Union Innovation (1), Industrial Relations Code 2020 - Structured Recognition Framework (1), Limited Scope of the 1961 Act at the Time of Nargesh Meerza (1), Maternity Benefit Act - Qualifying Period for Eligibility (1), Maximum Bonus and Allocable Surplus (1), Mines Act - Definition of Mine (1), Minimum Bonus - Payable Regardless of Profit or Loss (1), Nargesh Meerza - Constitutional Basis for Striking Down the Provision (1), Overall Structure of Retrenchment Protections (1), Overall Structure of the Four Codes (1), Overall Trajectory of India's Social Security Coverage Expansion (1), Overtime Wages - Dual Function (1), Patchwork of Pre-2020 Recognition Mechanisms (1), Plantation Labour Act - Rationale for Housing and Medical Obligations (1), Practical Consequence of the Wide Test (1), Practical Significance of the Legality-Justifiability Distinction (1), Predominant Nature of Duties Test - Adyanthaya (1), Punjab Land Development - Consequence of Non-Compliance (1), Purpose of Notice Before Opening a Mine (1), Qualifying Period for Bonus Eligibility (1), Reason for Codification - Fragmentation Problem (1), Relationship Between the Three Cases (1), Section 11A - Creche Facility Requirement (1), Section 22 and Section 24 - Mechanism of Illegality (1), Section 25B - The 240 Days Deeming Provision (1), Section 25F - Mandatory Conditions for Retrenchment (1), Section 25G - Last Come First Go Principle (1), Section 67 - Absolute Prohibition for Children (1), Section 87 - Targeted vs Uniform Regulation (1), Significance of the 2020 Code as a Departure from Prior Practice (1), Significance of the Workman Definition (1), State of UP v Jai Bir Singh - Reservations Expressed (1), Syndicate Bank - Wage Entitlement Framework (1), Threshold Change for Government Permission (1), Trade Unions Act 1926 - Scope and Limitation (1), Two Distinct Inquiries - Legality and Justifiability (1), Unorganised Workers Act - Scheme-Based Approach (1), Working Hours Limits and Spread Over (1)

## CLAT PG: Law of Contract

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/clat-pg/law-of-contract

100 questions across 20 topics. Revise core LLB subjects through CLAT PG MCQs, passage-led questions, answer keys, explanations, statutes, and exam-oriented legal principles.

Topic coverage: Agency by Estoppel and Holding Out (5), Anticipatory Breach and its Consequences (5), Consideration - Section 2(d) ICA and Privity (5), Contingent Contracts vs Wagering Agreements (5), Contracts with Government: Article 299 and Ultra Vires Doctrine (5), Damages - Section 73 and Hadley v. Baxendale (5), Discharge by Merger, Accord and Satisfaction (5), Doctrine of Frustration and Restitution - Section 56 and 65 (5), Doctrine of Part Performance and Section 53A Transfer of Property Act (5), Frustration - Section 56 ICA (5), Liquidated Damages - Section 74 ICA (5), Minor's Agreement - Mohori Bibee (5), Nemo Dat and Exceptions under Sale of Goods Act (5), Offer and Acceptance - Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. (5), Performance by Agent vs Personal Performance (5), Restraint of Trade - Section 27 ICA (5), Sale of Goods: Passing of Property and Risk (5), Section 73 ICA and Remoteness of Damage (5), Undue Influence - Section 16 ICA (5), Wagering Agreement - Section 30 ICA (5)

## CLAT PG: Law of Crimes II (BNSS-CrPC)

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/clat-pg/law-of-crimes-ii-bnss-crpc

100 questions across 19 topics. Revise core LLB subjects through CLAT PG MCQs, passage-led questions, answer keys, explanations, statutes, and exam-oriented legal principles.

Topic coverage: Advanced Bail Doctrine (5), Advanced FIR Doctrine (5), Anticipatory Bail (5), Arrest and Necessity (5), Arrest Safeguards (5), Bail Basics (5), BNSS Reform Analysis (5), BNSS Reforms (5), Compounding and Quashing (10), Custody and Default Bail (5), Default Bail (5), FIR and Lalita Kumari (5), Investigation and Magistrate Oversight (5), Investigation and Oversight (5), Search and Digital Evidence (5), Trial Fairness (5), Trial Process (5), Victims, Witnesses, and Legal Aid (5), Zero FIR and Evidentiary Role of FIR (5)

## CLAT PG: Law of Torts

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/clat-pg/law-of-torts

100 questions across 14 topics. Revise core LLB subjects through CLAT PG MCQs, passage-led questions, answer keys, explanations, statutes, and exam-oriented legal principles.

Topic coverage: Contributory and Composite Negligence (5), Defamation (10), General Defences (5), Intentional Torts Against Person (5), Malicious Prosecution (5), Nature and Scope of Tort (5), Negligence (15), Nuisance (10), Occupier's Liability (5), Remedies and Damages (5), State Liability (5), Strict and Absolute Liability (10), Trespass to Land and Goods (5), Vicarious Liability (10)

## CLAT PG: Sale of Goods Act

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/clat-pg/sale-of-goods-act

25 questions across 5 topics. Revise core LLB subjects through CLAT PG MCQs, passage-led questions, answer keys, explanations, statutes, and exam-oriented legal principles.

Topic coverage: Conditions, Warranties, and Caveat Emptor (5), Delivery, Acceptance, Unpaid Seller, and Remedies (5), Formation of Contract of Sale and Classification of Goods (5), Nemo Dat and Exceptions to Transfer of Title (5), Passing of Property and Risk (5)

## CLAT PG: Tax Law

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/clat-pg/tax-law

45 questions across 45 topics. Revise core LLB subjects through CLAT PG MCQs, passage-led questions, answer keys, explanations, statutes, and exam-oriented legal principles.

Topic coverage: 15% Accumulation Limit (1), 28% GST on Online Gaming: Challenge (1), Agricultural Income Exemption (1), Anti-Dumping vs Countervailing Duty (1), Anti-Dumping vs Safeguard Duty (1), Anti-Dumping: Two Conditions (1), Article 246A and GST (1), Blocked Credit on Rental Building (1), Chennai Properties Test (1), Civil Penalty and Criminal Prosecution: Concurrent (1), Constitutional Basis: Article 265 (1), Customs Valuation: Fallback Methods (1), Destination-Based Taxation: IGST (1), Faceless Assessment: Anti-Corruption Objective (1), GST Compensation: Expiry Impact (1), GST Council Voting: 3/4 Threshold (1), GST: Purpose and Cascading (1), HSN: Purpose of Standardised Classification (1), ITAT as Final Fact-Finder (1), ITC Chain and Final Consumer Burden (1), ITC Condition: Supplier Must Pay Tax (1), Mall Operator: Business or Property Income (1), Mohit Minerals: Council Recommendations (1), Old vs New Regime Choice (1), Period for Long-Term: Immovable Property (1), Permissibility of Tax Planning Through Classification (1), Policy Objectives of Chapter VI-A (1), Rationale for Eliminating Deductions in New Regime (1), Residuary Head: Income from Other Sources (1), Schedule III: Employee Services (1), Section 11: Policy Rationale (1), Section 12AB: Consequence of Non-Registration (1), Section 12AB: Why Periodic Registration? (1), Section 148A Mandatory Procedure (1), Section 2(15): 2009 Amendment (1), Section 24 Deductions (1), Section 50C: Stamp Duty Value as Consideration (1), Section 54EC: 6-Month Window (1), Section 54F: Proportionate Exemption (1), Section 56(2)(x): Buyer Taxation (1), Section 80D and Senior Citizens (1), Surcharges and States Revenue (1), Tax vs Fee Distinction (1), Under-reporting vs Misreporting (1), Why Housing Loan Principal in Section 80C (1)

## CLAT PG: Transfer of Property Act

URL: https://lexmentor.co/questions/clat-pg/transfer-of-property-act

80 questions across 16 topics. Revise core LLB subjects through CLAT PG MCQs, passage-led questions, answer keys, explanations, statutes, and exam-oriented legal principles.

Topic coverage: Attestation, Animo Attestandi, Pardanashin Women (5), Condition Restraining Alienation, Section 10, Absolute vs Partial Restraint (5), Conditional Transfers, Restraint on Alienation, Transfer for Unborn Persons (5), Doctrine of Notice, Constructive Notice, Actual Possession (5), Doctrine of Notice, Constructive Notice, Lis Pendens, Priority (5), Doctrine of Part Performance, Section 53A TPA (5), Gift Sections 122-123, Lis Pendens Section 52, Ostensible Owner Section 41 (5), Gift Sections 122-126, Attestation Advanced, Immovable Property Nuances (5), Immovable Property, Doctrine of Fixtures, Profit a Prendre (5), Lease Section 105, Determination Section 111, Holding Over Section 116 (5), Lease vs License, Determination, Holdover Section 116 (5), Mortgage Types Section 58, Equity of Redemption Section 60 (5), Mortgage Types, Equity of Redemption, Clog on Equity (5), Sale Section 54, Rights of Seller and Buyer Section 55 (5), Transfer of Property - General Principles, Capacity, Section 8, Section 53A (5), Transfer of Property Section 5, Partition, Will, Doctrine of Feeding the Estoppel Section 43 (5)

# UPSC Law Optional Previous Year Questions

Repository hub: https://lexmentor.co/pyq

Subject archives publish original previous year questions and source references for answer-writing practice. They do not mark unpublished model answers as completed answers.

## Administrative Law

URL: https://lexmentor.co/pyq/subject/administrative-law

47 UPSC Law Optional previous year questions.

## Constitutional and Administrative Law

URL: https://lexmentor.co/pyq/subject/constitutional-and-administrative-law

50 UPSC Law Optional previous year questions.

## Constitutional Law

URL: https://lexmentor.co/pyq/subject/constitutional-law

194 UPSC Law Optional previous year questions.

## Contract and Mercantile Law

URL: https://lexmentor.co/pyq/subject/contract-and-mercantile-law

277 UPSC Law Optional previous year questions.

## Criminal Law and Law of Torts

URL: https://lexmentor.co/pyq/subject/criminal-law-and-law-of-torts

306 UPSC Law Optional previous year questions.

## Public International Law

URL: https://lexmentor.co/pyq/subject/public-international-law

282 UPSC Law Optional previous year questions.

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