Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023

Law of Evidence

Learn what must be proved, which facts the court may receive and how judges assess reliability and weight. The subject follows the syllabus from relevancy to witnesses, with the current BSA section at every step.

Core modules
4
Topics mapped
23
Detailed guides
5
Leading cases
9

Use this order for every problem

Relevancy, admissibility and proof

ConnectAdmitProve
Begin the guide

Module 01

Introduction and Relevancy

  1. 01Foundations of Evidence LawThe function of evidence law and its relationship with substantive and procedural law.Read guide
  2. 02Definitions under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023Fact, fact in issue, relevant fact, evidence, document, proved, disproved and not proved.Read guide
  3. 03Relevancy, Admissibility and ProofFactum probandum, factum probans, reliability, appreciation and illegally obtained evidence.Read guide
  4. 04Res Gestae and Connected Facts under Sections 4 to 14Same transaction, cause, effect, motive, conduct, identity, conspiracy and connected facts.Read guide
  5. 05Plea of Alibi, Identification and ConspiracyProof of absence, test identification procedure and acts or statements of conspirators.Read guide

Module 02

Admissions, Confessions and Documentary Evidence

  1. 01Admissions: Meaning, Proof and Evidentiary ValueComing next
  2. 02Confessions and Safeguards against Involuntary StatementsComing next
  3. 03Discovery Statements and Confession of a Co-accusedComing next
  4. 04Oral and Documentary EvidenceComing next
  5. 05Electronic and Digital EvidenceComing next
  6. 06Dying DeclarationsComing next

Module 03

Proof, Presumptions and Opinions

  1. 01Facts that Need Not Be ProvedComing next
  2. 02Burden of Proof and Shifting BurdensComing next
  3. 03Statutory PresumptionsComing next
  4. 04EstoppelComing next
  5. 05Expert Opinion and Other Opinion EvidenceComing next
  6. 06Character EvidenceComing next

Module 04

Witnesses and Examination

  1. 01Competency and Compellability of WitnessesComing next
  2. 02Accomplice EvidenceComing next
  3. 03Witness Protection, Hostile Witnesses and Trap WitnessesComing next
  4. 04Examination-in-chief, Cross-examination and Re-examinationComing next
  5. 05Leading Questions, Contradiction and CorroborationComing next
  6. 06Refreshing Memory and Production of DocumentsComing next

Case law index

Leading authorities in this guide

Each judgment is placed beside the evidentiary rule it explains and the exam point it supports.

  1. Kali Ram v. State of Himachal Pradesh
  2. Vijayee Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh
  3. Pooran Mal v. Director of Inspection
  4. R.M. Malkani v. State of Maharashtra
  5. Gentela Vijayavardhan Rao v. State of Andhra Pradesh
  6. Sukhar v. State of Uttar Pradesh
  7. Binay Kumar Singh v. State of Bihar
  8. Raja v. State by the Inspector of Police
  9. Kehar Singh v. State (Delhi Administration)
Coverage

The full syllabus is mapped here. Only completed guides with statutory references, examples, judgments and source links are released for reading.