Civil Wrongs Study Guide

Tort Law and Consumer Rights

Learn how civil liability protects safety, liberty, property and reputation. Each guide moves from a clear rule to practical facts, landmark cases and a compact exam answer.

Core modules
4
Topics mapped
20
Detailed guides
4
Landmark cases
6

Start with the legal right

Duty, breach and injury build every tort answer

DutyBreachInjury
Begin the guide

Core module

Foundations and General Principles

  1. 01Meaning, Nature and Essentials of TortCivil wrong, legal duty, legal injury, remedies and the distinctive character of tort liability.Read guide
  2. 02Development of Tort LawCommon-law origins, growth through precedent, Indian adaptation and constitutional torts.Read guide
  3. 03Tort, Contract, Quasi-Contract and CrimeSource of duty, parties, purpose, fault, remedies and areas of overlap.Read guide
  4. 04Injuria Sine Damno and Damnum Sine InjuriaViolation of legal right without loss and actual loss without violation of a legal right.Read guide
  5. 05General Defences in TortConsent, necessity, claimant fault, act of God, inevitable accident and private defence.Coming next

Core module

Specific Torts: Personal and Property Interests

  1. 01NegligenceComing next
  2. 02Nervous Shock and Psychiatric HarmComing next
  3. 03NuisanceComing next
  4. 04False Imprisonment and Malicious ProsecutionComing next
  5. 05Judicial and Quasi-Judicial ActsComing next
  6. 06Parental and Quasi-Parental AuthorityComing next

Core module

Liability, State Action and Reputation

  1. 01Vicarious LiabilityComing next
  2. 02Sovereign ImmunityComing next
  3. 03Strict and Absolute LiabilityComing next
  4. 04DefamationComing next

Core module

Consumer Protection

  1. 01Consumer, E-Consumer, Goods and ServicesComing next
  2. 02Rights and Duties of ConsumersComing next
  3. 03Consumer Protection AuthoritiesComing next
  4. 04Limitation in Consumer DisputesComing next
  5. 05Consumer RemediesComing next

Case law index

Foundational cases in this guide

Every authority is connected to the rule it proves and its proper exam use.

  1. Donoghue v. Stevenson [1932] AC 562
  2. Ashby v. White (1703) 2 Ld Raym 938
  3. Gloucester Grammar School Case (1410) YB 11 Hen IV
  4. Bhim Singh v. State of Jammu and Kashmir AIR 1986 SC 494
  5. Nilabati Behera v. State of Orissa (1993) 2 SCC 746
  6. Chairman, Railway Board v. Chandrima Das (2000) 2 SCC 465
Coverage

The sequence moves from the basic idea of a civil wrong to specific torts, complex liability rules and modern consumer remedies.