Publication Ethics
Standards governing authorship, originality, research integrity and editorial conduct.
Originality and Plagiarism
Authors must submit original work, properly acknowledge all sources and obtain permission where protected third-party material is reproduced.
Duplicate and Simultaneous Submission
A manuscript must not be published elsewhere or remain under simultaneous consideration by another journal or publication.
Conflicts of Interest
Authors, reviewers and editors must disclose financial, professional, institutional or personal interests that could influence the work or its evaluation.
Research Integrity
Authors remain responsible for the integrity of their methods, evidence, factual statements and legal analysis. Fabrication, falsification and material misrepresentation are prohibited.
Accuracy of Citations
Authorities and sources must be cited accurately. Authors should verify quotations, case references, legislation, links and bibliographic details before submission.
Corrections
Material errors identified after publication may be addressed through a clearly identified correction linked to the original article.
Retractions
The Journal may retract an article where serious concerns affect the reliability, originality or ethical basis of the publication. A retraction notice will state the reason to the extent appropriate.
Editorial Independence
Editorial decisions are based on academic merit, relevance, integrity and compliance with Journal policy. Commercial or personal considerations must not determine publication decisions.
Reviewer Ethics
Reviewers must act impartially, preserve confidentiality, disclose conflicts and provide reasoned comments directed to the manuscript rather than its author.
Complaints and Appeals
Authors and readers may send reasoned complaints or appeals to the editorial office. The Journal will review the record and respond through an appropriate editorial process.
Generative Artificial Intelligence
Authors must disclose any substantive use of generative artificial intelligence in researching, drafting, editing or preparing the manuscript. Artificial intelligence tools cannot be credited as authors. Authors remain fully responsible for the originality, accuracy, citations, arguments and legal claims contained in their submissions.