CLAT PG question bank
CLAT PG International Law questions 151-175 of 225, with answer keys and explanations covering sources, treaties, State responsibility, recognition, jurisdiction, law of the sea, the United Nations, use of force, and human rights.
Coverage
Revise core LLB subjects through CLAT PG MCQs, passage-led questions, answer keys, explanations, statutes, and exam-oriented legal principles.
International criminal law developed from ad hoc post-war tribunals to a more permanent institutional architecture. Genocide requires the specific intent to destroy a protected group in whole or in part. Crimes against humanity require a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population. The International Criminal Court operates on complementarity, meaning domestic jurisdictions remain primary unless they are unwilling or unable genuinely to act. Command responsibility and state cooperation remain practical fault lines in enforcement.
Only widespread killing
Specific intent to destroy a protected group in whole or in part
Any domestic criminal conviction
Only discrimination in employment
Correct answer: B. Specific intent to destroy a protected group in whole or in part
The passage highlights the special intent element as the defining feature of genocide.
Source note: Rome Statute; Genocide Convention; Malcolm N Shaw, International Law
A civilian population
Only soldiers
Only pirates
Only diplomats
Correct answer: A. A civilian population
That is the formulation used in the passage.
Source note: Rome Statute; Genocide Convention; Malcolm N Shaw, International Law
Automatically replaces national courts
Acts where domestic systems are unwilling or unable genuinely to act
Can prosecute only with Security Council permission
Cannot consider state cooperation at all
Correct answer: B. Acts where domestic systems are unwilling or unable genuinely to act
The passage treats complementarity as preserving domestic primacy subject to unwillingness or inability.
Source note: Rome Statute; Genocide Convention; Malcolm N Shaw, International Law
Purely historical curiosities
Practical fault lines in enforcement
Irrelevant to modern ICC practice
Exclusive concerns of civil litigation
Correct answer: B. Practical fault lines in enforcement
That is the exact language of the final sentence in substance.
Source note: Rome Statute; Genocide Convention; Malcolm N Shaw, International Law
No criminal accountability at all to a more permanent institutional architecture
Domestic tort law to fisheries law
Constitutional monarchy to republic
Trade tribunals to tax courts
Correct answer: A. No criminal accountability at all to a more permanent institutional architecture
The first sentence marks the trajectory from post-war tribunals to a more permanent system.
Source note: Rome Statute; Genocide Convention; Malcolm N Shaw, International Law
The law of the sea organises maritime space through distinct zones. The territorial sea extends up to twelve nautical miles, the contiguous zone up to twenty four, and the exclusive economic zone up to two hundred nautical miles from the baseline. Continental shelf rights arise by operation of international law. Innocent passage applies in the territorial sea, whereas transit passage governs many international straits. The deep seabed beyond national jurisdiction is regulated under the common heritage idea.
12 nautical miles
24 nautical miles
200 nautical miles
350 nautical miles
Correct answer: A. 12 nautical miles
The passage lists twelve nautical miles for the territorial sea.
Source note: UNCLOS; Malcolm N Shaw, International Law
12 nautical miles
24 nautical miles
200 nautical miles
No fixed distance
Correct answer: C. 200 nautical miles
The passage gives two hundred nautical miles for the EEZ.
Source note: UNCLOS; Malcolm N Shaw, International Law
Only after proclamation
By operation of international law
Only after possession of seabed equipment
Only through bilateral treaty
Correct answer: B. By operation of international law
The passage states that continental shelf rights arise by operation of international law.
Source note: UNCLOS; Malcolm N Shaw, International Law
International straits
Internal waters
Only archipelagic waters
Only ports
Correct answer: A. International straits
The passage contrasts innocent passage with transit passage and links the latter to international straits.
Source note: UNCLOS; Malcolm N Shaw, International Law
Absolute coastal sovereignty
Common heritage
Private ownership by first finder
Unlimited annexation
Correct answer: B. Common heritage
The final sentence expressly links the deep seabed to the common heritage idea.
Source note: UNCLOS; Malcolm N Shaw, International Law
The Agreement on Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction, often called the BBNJ Agreement, moved from negotiation to entry into force in 2026. It builds on UNCLOS and addresses marine genetic resources, area based management tools including marine protected areas, environmental impact assessments, and capacity building and technology transfer. Its significance lies not only in ocean governance, but also in the continuing ability of international law to elaborate institutional responses for global commons questions.
Within municipal parks only
Beyond national jurisdiction
Within rivers only
Within territorial seas only
Correct answer: B. Beyond national jurisdiction
The passage expressly says the agreement concerns areas beyond national jurisdiction.
Source note: UN BBNJ Agreement official materials
Marine genetic resources
Private insurance law
Air traffic control
Extradition procedure
Correct answer: A. Marine genetic resources
Marine genetic resources are expressly listed in the passage.
Source note: UN BBNJ Agreement official materials
Never adapt institutionally
Develop institutional responses for global commons questions
Replace UNCLOS completely
Eliminate all environmental disputes
Correct answer: B. Develop institutional responses for global commons questions
That is the key interpretive point of the final sentence.
Source note: UN BBNJ Agreement official materials
The bbnj Agreement
Only the ICJ Statute
The Genocide Convention
The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
Correct answer: A. The bbnj Agreement
The passage includes environmental impact assessments among the agreement's components.
Source note: UN BBNJ Agreement official materials
Unrelated side issues
Elements of the bbnj framework
Purely domestic tax rules
Exemptions from treaty law
Correct answer: B. Elements of the bbnj framework
The passage lists them as one of the agreement's structured subject areas.
Source note: UN BBNJ Agreement official materials
The International Court of Justice delivered an advisory opinion in July 2024 on the legal consequences arising from Israeli policies and practices in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem. The opinion dealt with prolonged occupation, settlement activity, and obligations under international law. In 2025, further advisory proceedings were pursued concerning obligations of Israel in relation to the presence and activities of the United Nations, other international organisations, and third states in and in relation to the Occupied Palestinian Territory. These developments show the continuing relevance of advisory jurisdiction in politically charged situations.
Trade tariffs in East Asia
Israeli policies and practices in the Occupied Palestinian Territory
A fisheries dispute in the Atlantic
Only airspace sovereignty
Correct answer: B. Israeli policies and practices in the Occupied Palestinian Territory
The passage identifies the advisory opinion in those terms.
Source note: ICJ official materials 2024 and 2025
Settlement activity and prolonged occupation
Only copyright disputes
Only maritime baselines
Only private contract damages
Correct answer: A. Settlement activity and prolonged occupation
The passage lists prolonged occupation and settlement activity among the issues addressed.
Source note: ICJ official materials 2024 and 2025
Presence and activities of the UN and other international organisations in and in relation to the Occupied Palestinian Territory
Only private banking access
Only fisheries quotas
Only extradition to Europe
Correct answer: A. Presence and activities of the UN and other international organisations in and in relation to the Occupied Palestinian Territory
That is the subject as described in the passage.
Source note: ICJ official materials 2024 and 2025
Advisory jurisdiction in politically charged situations
Only arbitral jurisdiction
The law of salvage
Diplomatic asylum doctrine
Correct answer: A. Advisory jurisdiction in politically charged situations
The passage explicitly draws that lesson from the two advisory developments.
Source note: ICJ official materials 2024 and 2025
Cannot address legal questions
Help clarify legal consequences and obligations in difficult disputes
Replace Security Council voting
Bind only newspapers
Correct answer: B. Help clarify legal consequences and obligations in difficult disputes
That is the clear institutional point of the passage.
Source note: ICJ official materials 2024 and 2025
Recent ICC developments have kept attention on cooperation, surrender, and complementarity. Proceedings connected to the Philippines situation and the surrender of former President Rodrigo Duterte illustrate how long running jurisdictional and cooperation issues can return to the foreground. The Court continues to depend on state cooperation for arrest and transfer, which means that political reality and legal obligation constantly interact. This is one reason why arrest warrants remain legally meaningful even where enforcement is delayed.
Private arbitration
Cooperation, surrender, and complementarity
Only fisheries licensing
Only diplomatic immunity
Correct answer: B. Cooperation, surrender, and complementarity
The opening sentence identifies those themes directly.
Source note: ICC official materials 2025
Disappear forever once debated once
Return to the foreground in later proceedings
Be solved by private contract
Matter only in domestic family law
Correct answer: B. Return to the foreground in later proceedings
The passage says such long running issues can return to the foreground.
Source note: ICC official materials 2025
Drafting constitutions for all members
Arrest and transfer of suspects
Passing domestic tax law
Adopting maritime boundaries
Correct answer: A. Drafting constitutions for all members
The passage expressly states that the Court depends on state cooperation for arrest and transfer.
Source note: ICC official materials 2025
ICC warrants are meaningless
Arrest warrants remain legally meaningful despite delayed enforcement
Treaties are invalid
Complementarity no longer matters
Correct answer: B. Arrest warrants remain legally meaningful despite delayed enforcement
That is the specific conclusion drawn in the passage.
Source note: ICC official materials 2025
Automatically complete the trial
Preserve legal processes even when immediate enforcement is difficult
Bind only media outlets
Create new states
Correct answer: B. Preserve legal processes even when immediate enforcement is difficult
The sentence explains that warrants remain meaningful even when enforcement is not immediate because the legal process continues to exist.
Source note: ICC official materials 2025