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Environmental Law MCQs for Judiciary, Page 2

Judiciary Environmental Law questions 25-48 of 120, with answer keys and explanations covering constitutional environmentalism, pollution statutes, NGT practice, forests, wildlife, biodiversity, climate law, and waste regulation.

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Practice judiciary exam MCQs with answers and explanations across substantive law, procedure, evidence, constitutional law, and state judicial service subjects.

  • Air Act, 19818
  • Biological Diversity8
  • Climate Change and Energy8
  • Coastal and Wetland Regulation8
  • Constitutional Environmentalism8
  • Environment Protection Act, 19868
  • Environmental Clearance and EIA8
  • Environmental Crimes and Enforcement8
  • Environmental Principles8
  • Forest Conservation8
  • Hazardous Industries and Liability8
  • National Green Tribunal8
  • Waste Management8
  • Water Act, 19748
  • Wildlife Protection8
Question 25EasyWater Act, 1974

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 creates:

  1. A

    Central and State Pollution Control Boards for water pollution control.

  2. B

    Only a private compensation tribunal for fishermen.

  3. C

    A constitutional court for river boundary disputes.

  4. D

    A criminal code for wildlife poaching.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: A. Central and State Pollution Control Boards for water pollution control.

The Water Act establishes Central and State Pollution Control Boards as the core regulatory institutions for prevention and control of water pollution.

Source note: Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

Question 26MediumWater Act, 1974

Section 25 of the Water Act is important because it regulates:

  1. A

    Marriage ceremonies near river banks.

  2. B

    Appointment of judges to the National Green Tribunal.

  3. C

    Establishment or operation of outlets and discharges likely to affect water bodies, through consent requirements.

  4. D

    Transfer of title in submerged land.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: C. Establishment or operation of outlets and discharges likely to affect water bodies, through consent requirements.

Section 25 creates the consent mechanism for new outlets and discharges. It is central to water pollution control.

Source note: Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Section 25

Question 27MediumWater Act, 1974

The statutory idea of water pollution under the Water Act focuses on:

  1. A

    Only change in colour of water.

  2. B

    Contamination or alteration of water likely to create nuisance or render water harmful to health, safety, or legitimate uses.

  3. C

    Only reduction in commercial fish catch.

  4. D

    Only disputes between upstream and downstream States.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: B. Contamination or alteration of water likely to create nuisance or render water harmful to health, safety, or legitimate uses.

The definition is wide. It covers contamination and alteration affecting health, safety, domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, or other legitimate uses.

Source note: Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Section 2(e)

Question 28MediumWater Act, 1974

A Pollution Control Board inspecting premises under the Water Act is exercising:

  1. A

    Only a contractual right of entry.

  2. B

    Only a private easement over water channels.

  3. C

    Only a civil court power to execute decrees.

  4. D

    A statutory inspection and monitoring power connected with pollution control.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: D. A statutory inspection and monitoring power connected with pollution control.

The Water Act gives Boards powers of inspection, sampling, and regulation so that consent conditions and pollution standards can be enforced.

Source note: Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Sections 20-23

Question 29HardWater Act, 1974

The procedural safeguards for taking water samples matter because:

  1. A

    They make all samples confidential from courts.

  2. B

    They affect evidentiary reliability in prosecution or enforcement proceedings.

  3. C

    They remove the need for laboratory analysis.

  4. D

    They convert the sample into private property of the industry.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: B. They affect evidentiary reliability in prosecution or enforcement proceedings.

Sampling procedure protects evidentiary fairness. Defective procedure may affect the probative value or statutory usability of the sample.

Source note: Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Section 21

Question 30MediumWater Act, 1974

Section 24 of the Water Act prohibits a person from:

  1. A

    Knowingly causing poisonous, noxious, or polluting matter to enter a stream or well, subject to statutory qualifications.

  2. B

    Using any water for agricultural purposes.

  3. C

    Building any structure within one kilometre of a river.

  4. D

    Filing a writ petition about water pollution.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: A. Knowingly causing poisonous, noxious, or polluting matter to enter a stream or well, subject to statutory qualifications.

Section 24 is a substantive anti-pollution prohibition directed at harmful discharges into streams or wells.

Source note: Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Section 24

Question 31MediumWater Act, 1974

An industry aggrieved by refusal or conditional grant of consent under the Water Act ordinarily has:

  1. A

    No remedy once the Board decides.

  2. B

    Only a mercy petition to the Governor.

  3. C

    An automatic right to ignore the condition until conviction.

  4. D

    A statutory appeal to the appellate authority within the prescribed framework.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: D. A statutory appeal to the appellate authority within the prescribed framework.

The Water Act provides appellate mechanisms against consent-related decisions, preserving procedural fairness within the statutory scheme.

Source note: Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Section 28

Question 32HardWater Act, 1974

Citizen complaint provisions under pollution statutes are significant because they:

  1. A

    Make environmental offences non-justiciable.

  2. B

    Abolish the role of Pollution Control Boards.

  3. C

    Allow private participation in enforcement after statutory notice.

  4. D

    Permit conviction without service of summons.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: C. Allow private participation in enforcement after statutory notice.

Citizen suit provisions, subject to notice, reduce exclusive dependence on administrative prosecution and support participatory enforcement.

Source note: Water Act, 1974, Section 49; EPA, 1986, Section 19

Question 33EasyAir Act, 1981

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 is primarily concerned with:

  1. A

    Prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution.

  2. B

    Allocation of satellite spectrum.

  3. C

    Civil aviation accident compensation.

  4. D

    Protection of archaeological monuments only.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: A. Prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution.

The Air Act creates a statutory framework for prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution through Pollution Control Boards.

Source note: Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

Question 34MediumAir Act, 1981

Declaration of an air pollution control area is important because:

  1. A

    It automatically transfers land ownership to the State.

  2. B

    It converts all factories into public authorities.

  3. C

    It triggers special regulatory controls on industrial plants and emissions in that area.

  4. D

    It prevents High Courts from issuing writs.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: C. It triggers special regulatory controls on industrial plants and emissions in that area.

Once an area is declared an air pollution control area, the statutory control regime for emissions and industrial plants becomes operative.

Source note: Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, Section 19

Question 35MediumAir Act, 1981

Section 21 of the Air Act generally requires consent before operating:

  1. A

    A newspaper press publishing air-quality reports.

  2. B

    An industrial plant in an air pollution control area.

  3. C

    A civil court within a polluted district.

  4. D

    A public park used for morning walks.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: B. An industrial plant in an air pollution control area.

Section 21 creates consent requirements for industrial plants in air pollution control areas.

Source note: Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, Section 21

Question 36MediumAir Act, 1981

The Board may regulate air pollution through standards because:

  1. A

    Standards are merely political suggestions.

  2. B

    Only Parliament can test smoke from every chimney.

  3. C

    Air pollution is excluded from statutory definition.

  4. D

    The Act gives Pollution Control Boards statutory powers over emissions and industrial plants.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: D. The Act gives Pollution Control Boards statutory powers over emissions and industrial plants.

The Air Act empowers Boards to lay down standards and enforce emission controls within the statutory framework.

Source note: Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, Sections 17 and 22

Question 37MediumAir Act, 1981

A direction to close or regulate an industry for violating air pollution norms is usually justified through:

  1. A

    The law of easements alone.

  2. B

    The Board or government direction-making powers under pollution statutes.

  3. C

    Private international law rules.

  4. D

    The Transfer of Property Act.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: B. The Board or government direction-making powers under pollution statutes.

Pollution control statutes confer direction-making powers to secure compliance, including closure or regulation in serious cases.

Source note: Air Act, 1981, Section 31A; EPA, 1986, Section 5

Question 38MediumAir Act, 1981

Noise pollution is treated as an environmental concern because:

  1. A

    It affects health, sleep, dignity, and the quality of life under environmental and constitutional norms.

  2. B

    It is protected absolutely as commercial speech.

  3. C

    It is exempt from all statutory control.

  4. D

    It concerns only private nuisance and never public law.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: A. It affects health, sleep, dignity, and the quality of life under environmental and constitutional norms.

Indian courts have linked excessive noise with health, dignity, and Article 21. Noise regulation also operates through rules under the EPA.

Source note: Noise Pollution (V), In re, (2005) 5 SCC 733; Noise Pollution Rules, 2000

Question 39MediumAir Act, 1981

Judicial directions on vehicular pollution in Delhi are associated most closely with:

  1. A

    Abolition of all public transport by judicial order.

  2. B

    A dispute about private inheritance of motor vehicles.

  3. C

    A treaty dispute before the International Court of Justice.

  4. D

    M.C. Mehta litigation concerning Delhi air quality and transport fuels.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: D. M.C. Mehta litigation concerning Delhi air quality and transport fuels.

M.C. Mehta litigation led to major judicial interventions in Delhi air pollution, including public transport and fuel-related directions.

Source note: M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, Delhi vehicular pollution cases

Question 40HardAir Act, 1981

Air emission sampling provisions resemble water sampling safeguards because both are designed to:

  1. A

    Create a private settlement between the inspector and industry.

  2. B

    Prevent scientific experts from giving evidence.

  3. C

    Ensure procedurally reliable evidence for regulatory or penal action.

  4. D

    Replace consent orders with oral warnings.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: C. Ensure procedurally reliable evidence for regulatory or penal action.

Sampling safeguards maintain reliability and fairness where technical evidence is used to prove pollution violations.

Source note: Air Act, 1981, Section 26; Water Act, 1974, Section 21

Question 41EasyNational Green Tribunal

The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 establishes the Tribunal for:

  1. A

    Effective and expeditious disposal of environmental cases and relief for environmental damage.

  2. B

    Trial of all offences under the Penal Code.

  3. C

    Resolution of only service disputes in the Forest Department.

  4. D

    Adjudication of divorce disputes involving forest dwellers.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: A. Effective and expeditious disposal of environmental cases and relief for environmental damage.

The long title and scheme of the NGT Act focus on environmental protection, conservation of forests and natural resources, legal rights relating to environment, and compensation.

Source note: National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, Long Title and Sections 14-15

Question 42MediumNational Green Tribunal

The NGT jurisdiction under Section 14 is triggered when the dispute involves:

  1. A

    Any ordinary money claim between private parties.

  2. B

    Only disputes concerning title to agricultural land.

  3. C

    A substantial question relating to environment arising from listed enactments.

  4. D

    Every criminal prosecution involving public servants.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: C. A substantial question relating to environment arising from listed enactments.

Section 14 links jurisdiction to a substantial environmental question and implementation of enactments listed in Schedule I.

Source note: National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, Section 14 and Schedule I

Question 43MediumNational Green Tribunal

Section 15 of the NGT Act empowers the Tribunal to grant:

  1. A

    Only declarations without compensation.

  2. B

    Relief, compensation, restitution of property, and restitution of the damaged environment.

  3. C

    Only bail to persons accused of environmental offences.

  4. D

    Only advisory opinions to Parliament.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: B. Relief, compensation, restitution of property, and restitution of the damaged environment.

Section 15 gives the NGT remedial powers including compensation and environmental restitution.

Source note: National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, Section 15

Question 44HardNational Green Tribunal

Limitation under the NGT Act is important because:

  1. A

    The NGT can hear claims from any date without statutory limit.

  2. B

    Limitation applies only to criminal appeals.

  3. C

    Limitation is decided only by the District Magistrate.

  4. D

    Different applications and appeals are subject to specific limitation periods and limited condonation.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: D. Different applications and appeals are subject to specific limitation periods and limited condonation.

The NGT Act contains specific limitation periods for applications and appeals. Delay can be condoned only within statutory limits.

Source note: National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, Sections 14, 15 and 16

Question 45MediumNational Green Tribunal

While passing orders, the NGT is expressly required to apply:

  1. A

    Only English common law of nuisance.

  2. B

    Sustainable development, precautionary principle, and polluter pays principle.

  3. C

    Only private contract principles.

  4. D

    Only the doctrine of merger.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: B. Sustainable development, precautionary principle, and polluter pays principle.

Section 20 of the NGT Act expressly requires the Tribunal to apply these three environmental principles.

Source note: National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, Section 20

Question 46MediumNational Green Tribunal

The NGT is not bound by the Code of Civil Procedure but is guided by:

  1. A

    Principles of natural justice.

  2. B

    Only directions of private corporations.

  3. C

    Only local village customs.

  4. D

    The Civil Procedure Code without exception.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: A. Principles of natural justice.

The NGT has procedural flexibility but must follow natural justice, which preserves fairness in specialised adjudication.

Source note: National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, Section 19

Question 47MediumNational Green Tribunal

An appeal from an award, decision, or order of the NGT lies to:

  1. A

    The nearest Gram Sabha.

  2. B

    The Lok Sabha Speaker.

  3. C

    The District Consumer Forum.

  4. D

    The Supreme Court within the statutory period.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: D. The Supreme Court within the statutory period.

The NGT Act provides an appeal to the Supreme Court from Tribunal orders within the prescribed statutory framework.

Source note: National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, Section 22

Question 48EasyNational Green Tribunal

A dispute under which enactment is within the NGT Schedule I framework?

  1. A

    The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955.

  2. B

    The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881.

  3. C

    The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.

  4. D

    The Registration Act, 1908.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: C. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.

The Water Act is one of the enactments listed in Schedule I to the NGT Act, supporting NGT jurisdiction where a substantial environmental question arises.

Source note: National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, Schedule I

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