CLAT UG question bank

Logical Reasoning MCQs for CLAT UG, Page 3

CLAT UG Logical Reasoning questions 48-71 of 310, with answer keys and explanations covering conclusions, assumptions, inferences, flaws, analogies, and arguments strengthened or weakened by evidence.

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Practice passage-based CLAT UG questions with answers for English, current affairs, legal reasoning, logical reasoning, and quantitative techniques.

  • AI Summaries and Source Reading5
  • AI Translation and Error Rates5
  • Air Quality Alerts and Public Behaviour5
  • Algorithmic Hiring and Past Data5
  • Carbon Labels and Consumer Decisions5
  • Carbon Offsets and Additionality5
  • Cashless Buses and Boarding Time5
  • Citizen Science and Data Quality5
  • Classroom Cameras and Evidence5
  • Congestion Pricing and Urban Mobility5
  • Court Disposal Statistics5
  • Extended Library Hours5
  • Extended Library Hours and Borrowing5
  • Facial Recognition and Base Rates5
  • Facial Recognition and Public Evidence5
  • Fare-Free Public Transport5
  • Flood Maps and Property Risk5
  • Flood Sirens and False Alarms5
  • Food Labels and Consumer Choice5
  • Food Labels and Consumer Understanding5
  • Four-Day School Week Evidence5
  • Four-Day Workweek Evidence5
  • Free Bus Fares and Ridership Evidence5
  • Heat Action Plans and Evidence5
  • Heatwave Cooling Centres5
  • Hospital Wait-Time Targets5
  • Hospital Waiting-Time Targets5
  • Local Food Procurement in Schools5
  • Museum Repatriation and Digital Copies5
  • Noise Sensors and Complaint Data5
  • Open-Book Examinations and Learning5
  • Plagiarism Detectors and False Positives5
  • Police Body Cameras and Complaint Rates5
  • Predictive Maintenance for Water Pipes5
  • Predictive Policing and Feedback Loops5
  • Predictive Policing and Historical Data5
  • Public Art Surveys and Selection Bias5
  • Public Defender Caseload Statistics5
  • Public Libraries and Digital Access5
  • Public Wi-Fi and Digital Access5
  • Rainfall Forecasts and Probability5
  • Recorded Lectures and Learning Outcomes5
  • Recycling Bins and Waste Reduction5
  • Remote Work and Office Productivity5
  • Repairability and Consumer Choice5
  • Reusable Packaging Deposits5
  • River Cleanup and Downstream Waste5
  • Road Repair Complaints and Access5
  • School Breakfast and Attendance Evidence5
  • School Devices and Learning Evidence5
  • School Rankings and Attendance5
  • School Start Times and Evidence5
  • Street Lighting and Night Accidents5
  • Textbook Downloads and Learning5
  • Tree Planting and Urban Temperature Claims5
  • University Rankings and Measurement5
  • Urban Tree Planting and Survival5
  • Video Hearings and Case Disposal5
  • Water Meters and Household Consumption5
  • Water Pricing and Essential Access5
  • Wellness Apps and Sick Leave5
  • Wetland Tourism and Visitor Counts5
Passage or principleOriginal argumentative passage

A university announces that raising its rank should be its chief objective because students use rankings when choosing institutions. Rankings can provide useful comparisons, but a rank is produced by selected indicators and assigned weights. It is not the institution itself. If research citations receive heavy weight, a university may divert resources from teaching or local-language scholarship even when these serve its mission. If student satisfaction is measured through voluntary surveys, the results may overrepresent those most eager to respond. The problem is not that indicators are worthless, but that each captures only part of performance. Rankings may still reveal weaknesses and encourage transparency. They should be read alongside evidence about teaching, access, research quality, financial stability, and public purpose. A university that improves a metric without improving the underlying activity has learned to manage the score rather than the institution. The sensible objective is therefore better performance according to a clearly stated mission. A higher rank may follow, but it should remain evidence to interpret rather than a target that replaces judgement.

Question 48MediumUniversity Rankings and Measurement

Why might heavy weight on citations affect local-language scholarship?

  1. A

    Local languages cannot express research.

  2. B

    Work serving local audiences may receive fewer citations despite advancing the university's mission.

  3. C

    All cited work is low quality.

  4. D

    Citation counts measure teaching directly.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: B. Work serving local audiences may receive fewer citations despite advancing the university's mission.

B follows from the mismatch between a weighted metric and some forms of mission-relevant work.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 5, prepared in the official passage-based format.

Question 49HardUniversity Rankings and Measurement

What mistake does the passage identify in making rank the chief objective?

  1. A

    Assuming students never compare institutions

  2. B

    Refusing to collect any evidence

  3. C

    Treating a partial measurement as a substitute for the institution's actual goals

  4. D

    Giving equal weight to every indicator

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: C. Treating a partial measurement as a substitute for the institution's actual goals

C states the central measurement error criticised by the author.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 5, prepared in the official passage-based format.

Question 50MediumUniversity Rankings and Measurement

Which policy best supports the author's recommendation?

  1. A

    Assessing rank together with teaching, access, research, finance, and public purpose

  2. B

    Funding only activities that immediately change the rank

  3. C

    Ignoring the university's stated mission

  4. D

    Replacing all judgement with one citation score

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: A. Assessing rank together with teaching, access, research, finance, and public purpose

A uses multiple forms of evidence while keeping the institution's mission central.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 5, prepared in the official passage-based format.

Passage or principleOriginal argumentative passage

A transit authority proposes facial recognition at station entrances because a demonstration identified most volunteers correctly. The result is incomplete evidence. Volunteers knew they were being scanned, stood before a camera, and were tested under controlled lighting. Crowded stations present movement, shadows, masks, and hurried passengers. Accuracy also cannot be reduced to one overall percentage. A system may perform differently across demographic groups. Even a small false-match rate can create many mistaken alerts when millions of passengers are scanned. This does not prove that the technology has no legitimate use. A limited trial could test performance in realistic conditions, record false matches and missed matches separately, and require human review before action. The authority should also specify data retention, access, and an appeal process. The relevant question is not whether the software can recognise a face in principle. It is whether a governed system produces enough public benefit to justify its errors, costs, and intrusion.

Question 51MediumFacial Recognition and Public Evidence

Which statement best expresses the author's conclusion?

  1. A

    Facial recognition is accurate in every setting.

  2. B

    Controlled demonstrations should determine final policy.

  3. C

    Realistic evidence and safeguards are needed before judging whether deployment is justified.

  4. D

    Human review makes errors impossible.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: C. Realistic evidence and safeguards are needed before judging whether deployment is justified.

C captures the passage's demand for realistic testing and governance.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 6, prepared in the official passage-based format.

Question 52HardFacial Recognition and Public Evidence

Why may the volunteer demonstration overstate station performance?

  1. A

    Testing conditions differ materially from crowded real-world conditions.

  2. B

    Volunteers cannot have faces.

  3. C

    Station lighting is always perfect.

  4. D

    Controlled evidence is never useful.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: A. Testing conditions differ materially from crowded real-world conditions.

A identifies the problem of applying controlled results to a different environment.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 6, prepared in the official passage-based format.

Question 53MediumFacial Recognition and Public Evidence

Which finding would most strengthen the case for a limited trial?

  1. A

    The software company has an attractive logo.

  2. B

    Independent station tests show low error rates across groups and effective human review.

  3. C

    The system stores all data indefinitely.

  4. D

    Passengers are not told how to appeal.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: B. Independent station tests show low error rates across groups and effective human review.

B provides relevant performance and safeguard evidence.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 6, prepared in the official passage-based format.

Question 54HardFacial Recognition and Public Evidence

Why can a small false-match rate still matter?

  1. A

    Percentages cannot describe errors.

  2. B

    Only missed matches affect passengers.

  3. C

    The system scans very few people.

  4. D

    Applied to millions of scans, a small rate may generate many mistaken alerts.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: D. Applied to millions of scans, a small rate may generate many mistaken alerts.

D correctly relates the rate to the large number of scans.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 6, prepared in the official passage-based format.

Question 55MediumFacial Recognition and Public Evidence

Which information is most relevant to evaluating fairness?

  1. A

    Error rates separated across demographic groups

  2. B

    The colour of station walls

  3. C

    The age of the transit authority's logo

  4. D

    The number of train seats

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: A. Error rates separated across demographic groups

A directly tests whether performance differs across groups.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 6, prepared in the official passage-based format.

Passage or principleOriginal argumentative passage

A proposal would place simple front-of-package nutrition labels on processed food. Supporters say shoppers lack time to interpret dense tables. Critics reply that no symbol can capture an entire diet. The criticism is correct but incomplete. A label need not describe every aspect of nutrition to help compare similar products. However, its categories must reflect meaningful evidence. A product should not appear healthy merely because one favourable nutrient is highlighted while high sugar or salt is hidden. Labels alone will not determine purchases. Price, availability, habit, advertising, and cooking facilities also shape choice. Researchers should therefore compare purchasing patterns before and after introduction, examine effects across income groups, and test whether manufacturers reformulate products. A label is best understood as decision support, not dietary instruction. Its success depends on clarity, sound criteria, and evidence that it improves choices without creating new forms of confusion.

Question 56MediumFood Labels and Consumer Choice

Which statement best expresses the author's conclusion?

  1. A

    Simple labels can help if their criteria are sound and their effects are tested.

  2. B

    A label must describe an entire diet or have no value.

  3. C

    Price never affects food choice.

  4. D

    Every processed food is nutritionally identical.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: A. Simple labels can help if their criteria are sound and their effects are tested.

A captures the author's qualified support.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 6, prepared in the official passage-based format.

Question 57HardFood Labels and Consumer Choice

Which finding would most weaken the proposed label's usefulness?

  1. A

    Shoppers compare products in the same category.

  2. B

    Manufacturers reduce salt after labelling.

  3. C

    The label is clearly visible.

  4. D

    Most shoppers consistently misunderstand the symbol and choose less nutritious products.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: D. Most shoppers consistently misunderstand the symbol and choose less nutritious products.

D directly shows that the label creates harmful confusion.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 6, prepared in the official passage-based format.

Question 58MediumFood Labels and Consumer Choice

The comparison argument assumes that:

  1. A

    Labels control every part of a person's diet.

  2. B

    Shoppers can use simplified information to distinguish meaningfully between similar products.

  3. C

    Advertising has no effect.

  4. D

    All shoppers have equal income.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: B. Shoppers can use simplified information to distinguish meaningfully between similar products.

B is required for labels to assist product comparison.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 6, prepared in the official passage-based format.

Question 59HardFood Labels and Consumer Choice

What problem arises when one favourable nutrient is highlighted and high sugar is hidden?

  1. A

    The package becomes too light.

  2. B

    Nutrition tables become illegal.

  3. C

    Selective information may create a misleading overall impression.

  4. D

    Consumers receive complete information.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: C. Selective information may create a misleading overall impression.

C identifies the misleading effect of selective disclosure.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 6, prepared in the official passage-based format.

Question 60MediumFood Labels and Consumer Choice

Which study would best evaluate the policy?

  1. A

    A study comparing purchases and reformulation before and after labels across income groups

  2. B

    A survey asking only food companies whether they like the design

  3. C

    A count of package colours

  4. D

    A test of whether labels change the weather

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: A. A study comparing purchases and reformulation before and after labels across income groups

A measures relevant behavioural and market outcomes across groups.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 6, prepared in the official passage-based format.

Passage or principleOriginal argumentative passage

A city proposes eliminating bus fares to reduce traffic and improve access. The proposal may help passengers for whom even small fares are a barrier, but price is not the only reason people avoid buses. Slow routes, crowding, poor frequency, and unsafe stops also matter. If buses are already full at peak hours, free travel without additional service may worsen reliability. On the other hand, removing fare collection can speed boarding and reduce administrative costs. The net effect depends on capacity and operations. The city should pilot the policy on selected routes while adding service where demand rises. It should measure new ridership, journey time, access for low-income residents, operating cost, and whether former car users switch modes. Success cannot be inferred from crowded buses alone. The policy should be judged by who gains access, whether service remains usable, and whether congestion or emissions actually fall.

Question 61MediumFare-Free Public Transport

Which statement best expresses the author's conclusion?

  1. A

    Free fares necessarily eliminate traffic.

  2. B

    Bus fares are the only barrier to use.

  3. C

    A fare-free policy should be tested with capacity support and measured against access and transport outcomes.

  4. D

    Crowded buses prove complete success.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: C. A fare-free policy should be tested with capacity support and measured against access and transport outcomes.

C captures the author's qualified recommendation and evaluation criteria.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 7, prepared in the official passage-based format.

Question 62HardFare-Free Public Transport

The claim that free fares may reduce traffic assumes that:

  1. A

    At least some car users will switch to buses.

  2. B

    Every bus currently runs empty.

  3. C

    Administrative costs will rise.

  4. D

    Road traffic is unrelated to travel choices.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: A. At least some car users will switch to buses.

A is required for free buses to reduce car traffic.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 7, prepared in the official passage-based format.

Question 63MediumFare-Free Public Transport

Which finding would most strengthen the policy?

  1. A

    Existing passengers make more trips but no drivers switch.

  2. B

    A supported pilot increases low-income access and shifts many trips from cars without reducing reliability.

  3. C

    Peak crowding prevents passengers from boarding.

  4. D

    Journey times increase sharply.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: B. A supported pilot increases low-income access and shifts many trips from cars without reducing reliability.

B provides evidence of access and congestion benefits without a service loss.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 7, prepared in the official passage-based format.

Question 64HardFare-Free Public Transport

Which finding would most weaken a citywide rollout without added capacity?

  1. A

    Fare collection takes time.

  2. B

    Some residents find fares burdensome.

  3. C

    Buses use public roads.

  4. D

    Peak buses are already full and new demand leaves many passengers behind.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: D. Peak buses are already full and new demand leaves many passengers behind.

D shows that removing fares without capacity can make service unusable.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 7, prepared in the official passage-based format.

Question 65MediumFare-Free Public Transport

Why are crowded buses alone insufficient evidence of success?

  1. A

    Crowding does not show who gained access or whether traffic and emissions fell.

  2. B

    Passenger numbers can never be measured.

  3. C

    Empty buses are always more efficient.

  4. D

    Congestion depends only on weather.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: A. Crowding does not show who gained access or whether traffic and emissions fell.

A identifies the missing outcomes emphasised by the author.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 7, prepared in the official passage-based format.

Passage or principleOriginal argumentative passage

A river study invites residents to record bird sightings through a mobile application. Critics argue that data collected by volunteers must be unreliable because volunteers are not professional scientists. The criticism is too broad. Volunteers can greatly expand geographic and seasonal coverage. Yet participation may be concentrated near roads and towns, common species may be identified more accurately than rare ones, and enthusiastic users may submit more observations than occasional users. These limits can be addressed rather than ignored. The project can provide identification training, require photographs for unusual sightings, record search effort, and compare samples with expert surveys. Statistical analysis can account for some uneven observation. Citizen science is neither automatically representative nor inherently worthless. Its value depends on designing collection methods that make bias visible and permit verification.

Question 66MediumCitizen Science and Data Quality

Which statement best expresses the author's conclusion?

  1. A

    Citizen science can be useful when bias and verification are built into the design.

  2. B

    Volunteer data are always perfectly representative.

  3. C

    Only professionals can observe birds.

  4. D

    Large geographic coverage guarantees accuracy.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: A. Citizen science can be useful when bias and verification are built into the design.

A captures the passage's qualified defence of citizen science.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 7, prepared in the official passage-based format.

Question 67HardCitizen Science and Data Quality

Which finding would most weaken an unadjusted map of sightings?

  1. A

    Volunteers submit photographs of rare birds.

  2. B

    Experts review unusual reports.

  3. C

    The project records time spent searching.

  4. D

    Most reports come from roads, while remote habitats receive almost no observation.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: D. Most reports come from roads, while remote habitats receive almost no observation.

D shows a major geographic sampling bias.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 7, prepared in the official passage-based format.

Question 68MediumCitizen Science and Data Quality

Requiring photographs for unusual sightings assumes that:

  1. A

    Every common species is imaginary.

  2. B

    Photographs can help independent reviewers verify at least some identifications.

  3. C

    Volunteers never carry phones.

  4. D

    Rare species require no evidence.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: B. Photographs can help independent reviewers verify at least some identifications.

B explains the verification value of photographs.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 7, prepared in the official passage-based format.

Question 69HardCitizen Science and Data Quality

What flaw appears in the critics' claim?

  1. A

    It uses too much statistical adjustment.

  2. B

    It proves that volunteers are experts.

  3. C

    It dismisses all volunteer data solely because collectors lack professional status.

  4. D

    It relies on verified photographs.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: C. It dismisses all volunteer data solely because collectors lack professional status.

C identifies the overbroad status-based dismissal.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 7, prepared in the official passage-based format.

Question 70MediumCitizen Science and Data Quality

Which result would most strengthen the project's reliability?

  1. A

    Trained volunteer samples closely match expert surveys after effort and location are accounted for.

  2. B

    The application has a colourful icon.

  3. C

    Users submit many unreviewed claims.

  4. D

    The project removes all metadata.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: A. Trained volunteer samples closely match expert surveys after effort and location are accounted for.

A provides direct validation against expert surveys.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 7, prepared in the official passage-based format.

Passage or principleOriginal argumentative passage

A firm claims that its four-day workweek increased productivity because weekly output rose during a three-month trial. The result is promising, but the firm also introduced new software, hired two experienced employees, and postponed its least profitable projects during the same period. The trial should therefore not be treated as conclusive proof. Output per employee-hour, error rates, customer delays, and staff well-being should be compared with an appropriate earlier period. The firm should also examine whether employees compressed work into longer days or completed tasks during unofficial hours. None of these cautions proves that a shorter week failed. They show why a single rise in total output cannot identify its cause. A longer trial with transparent measures would better support a decision about permanent adoption.

Question 71MediumFour-Day Workweek Evidence

Which statement best expresses the author's conclusion?

  1. A

    The trial proves that all firms should adopt a four-day week.

  2. B

    A permanent decision requires a longer trial and measures that separate competing explanations.

  3. C

    Employee well-being is the only relevant outcome.

  4. D

    New software necessarily reduces productivity.

View answer and explanation

Correct answer: B. A permanent decision requires a longer trial and measures that separate competing explanations.

B captures the author's qualified recommendation.

Source note: Original LexMentor CLAT UG Batch 8, prepared in the official passage-based format.

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English Language310 questions with explanationsCurrent Affairs including General Knowledge310 questions with explanationsLegal Reasoning310 questions with explanationsQuantitative Techniques310 questions with explanations